Figure 2.

The methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway.

Notes: Glutathione synthesis begins with the conversion of homocysteine into cystathionine, which is dependent on the presence of both serine and cystathionine β-synthase. As the expression of cystathionine β-synthase is downregulated in response to a high-fat diet, unconverted homocysteine may accumulate. Adapted from Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 43(7), Hitchler MJ, Domann FE, An epigenetic perspective on the free radical theory of development, 1023–1036, Copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier.20