Table 1.
The effects of general anesthetics on ion channels
Volatile anesthetics |
Intravenous anesthetics |
|||||||||
Halothane | Isoflurane | Enflurane | Ether | Ethanol | Propofol | Etomidate | Ketamine | Phentobarbital | Benzodiazepine | |
GABAA | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | -- | + | + |
hα1β1 | + | + | + | |||||||
hα1β2 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |||
hα1β1γ2 | + | + | + | + | + | + | ||||
hα1β2γ2 | + | + | + | |||||||
NMDA | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||
AMPA/Kainate | ||||||||||
GluR1 | -- | -- | ||||||||
GluR3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
GluR2 + 3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
GluR6 | + | + | + | -- | + | -- | ||||
K+ | ||||||||||
KV | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||||
TREK | +/-- | +/-- | +/-- | +/-- | +/-- | |||||
HCN | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||||||
Na+ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
+: Effect of agonist; --: Effect of antagonist; GABAA: γ-aminobutyric acid type A.