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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Res. 2013 Oct 31;75(0):148–157. doi: 10.1038/pr.2013.191

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A simplified representation of the cAMP or G-protein pathway that contributes to cyst formation and progressive enlargement in PKD. Adenylyl-cyclase activation leads to increased levels of cAMP which activates PKA. PKA activation in the presence of low intracellular calcium levels phosphorylates β-Raf in a Src-dependent process. This phosphorylated β-Raf allows the cell to bypass the normal inhibition of PKA on MAPK activation and leads to increased cellular proliferation and possibly angiogenesis via activation of Erk 1/2.