. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Sci. 2013 Jul 1;24(9):1704–1713. doi: 10.1177/0956797613478618

Table 4. Results of the Random-Effects Regression Models of Innovation of Genetic (A), Shared Environment (C), and Nonshared Environment (E) Factors.

Variable	Intercept	Participant age	Time between assessments	Time 1 estimate	τ
Innovation of A
Primary model	0.293 (0.011)^***	−0.033 (0.005)^***	0.045 (0.008)^***	0.081 (0.126)	0.000 (0.000)
Alternate Model 1	0.235 (0.029)^***	−0.025 (0.009)^**	0.027 (0.012)^*	0.040 (0.148)	0.000 (0.000)^†
Alternate Model 2	0.191 (0.031)^***	−0.032 (0.008)^***	0.022 (0.010)^*	0.196 (0.168)	0.000 (0.000)^***
Innovation of C
Primary model	0.124 (0.012)^***	−0.022 (0.008)^**	−0.022 (0.011)^†	0.267 (0.092)^**	0.000 (0.000)
Alternate Model 1	0.197 (0.021)^***	−0.018 (0.006)^**	0.000 (0.004)	0.496 (0.090)^***	0.000 (0.000)
Alternate Model 2	0.156 (0.029)^***	−0.012 (0.005)^*	−0.001 (0.005)	0.364 (0.100)^***	0.000 (0.000)^***
Innovation of E
Primary model	0.240 (0.010)^***	−0.011 (0.004)^**	0.018 (0.005)^***	0.047 (0.110)	0.023 (0.006)^***
Alternate Model 1	0.192 (0.015)^***	−0.006 (0.003)^*	0.006 (0.003)^†	0.386 (0.089)^***	0.000 (0.000)^**
Alternate Model 2	0.231 (0.025)^***	−0.007 (0.004)	0.008 (0.006)	0.552 (0.219)^*	0.000 (0.000)^***

Note: Innovation refers to the emergence of novel influences over time. Unstandardized coefficients are shown. Values in parentheses are standard errors. τ is a random effect that represents the estimated between-studies standard deviation in the true effect size (i.e., correcting for sampling variance). The primary model includes all data and weights. Alternate Model 1 does not include the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) data. Alternate Model 2 does not weight estimates by their precision.

^†

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.