Table 3.

Factors associated with HIV disease progression among illicit drug users

		AIDS	Mortality	CD4+ cell count	HIV RNA viral load
EXOGENOUS
Macro-	Physical	Study site [39, 62, 63, 70], study year [35, 70, 74]	HAART1 era [34, 72], study year [57, 70], study site [39, 62, 70]
	Social
	Policy
	Economic
Micro	Physical			Incarceration [47]	Housing [40], incarceration [56]
	Social				Social support [40, 41], patient-provider communication [40]
	Policy		MMT2 [37]		MMT2 [44, 66], Retention in OST3 [66]
	Economic		Lack of legal income [59]
ENDOGENOUS
Co-morbidities		Crack use [75], psychological distress [36]	Anemia [72], cocaine use [72], selenium deficiency [24, 68], withdrawal symptoms [48], STD [34], recent hospitalization [34, 72], serum thiol [46]	CES-D4 score [25], HCV5 genotype [69], Syringe borrowing [43], Active injection drug use [47, 61], Injection heroin use [43], Injection drug use duration [43], Illicit drug use duration [45], illicit drug use [65]	Alcohol use [56], cocaine use [21], crack use [31], illicit drug use [76], injection drug use [28]
Pharmacotherapies			HAART1 use [34, 42, 72], ART6 use[37], PCP7 prophylaxis,[34]	HAART1 non-adherence [25]	ART6 regimen [54, 56, 60], HAART1 adherence [50, 55, 56, 60, 66, 76], time since ART6 initiation [21, 54–56]
HIV-related morbidity		Thrush [36, 49], HIV symptoms [75]	Thrush [72], AIDS diagnosis [34, 46]		AIDS diagnosis [50]
Virologic characteristics		Viral load [32, 73]	Viral load [48, 73]	Viral load [77]	Viral load [54, 56, 60, 76]
Immunologic characteristics		CD4+ cell count [32, 36, 49, 63, 73–75], IgA8 level [49]	CD4+ cell count [27, 37, 42, 53, 63, 64, 68, 72, 73], IgA8 level [53], IgG9 level [53], sTNFR-II10 level [20]	CD4+ cell count [25]	CD4+ cell count [28, 40, 41, 44, 60]
Genetic characteristics			HLA11 genotype [26]	CCR512 haplotype [51], HLA11 haplotype [26]
Host characteristics		Age [49, 74], age at seroconversion [62], time since seroconversion [62], gender [57]	Age [37, 48], BMI [68], gender [37, 57], time since seroconversion [59, 63], age at seroconversion [59]		Age [28, 47, 55], race [41], gender [21]

¹Highly active antiretroviral therapy;

²Methadone maintenance therapy;

³Opioid substitution therapy;

⁴Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale;

⁵Hepatitis C virus;

⁶Antiretroviral therapy;

⁷Pneumocsystis carinii pneumonia;

⁸Immunoglobulin A;

⁹Immunoglobulin G;

¹⁰Soluble tumour necrosis factor;

¹¹Human leukocyte antigen;

¹²CC Chemokine receptor 5