Table 1.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Diagnosis Rates

Author	Data source	Major Findings
ADHD
Rolwand, 2002(107)	School-based sample of 7333 children	African-American children were less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than white children, and were less likely to be currently taking medication to treat ADHD.
Stevens, 2005(20)	18,708 children in 1997–2000 Medical Expenditures Survey Panel	Latino and African-American children were less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD by parent report than were white American children. African-American youths with ADHD were less likely to initiate stimulant medication relative to white children.
Pastor, 2005(19)	21,294 children in the 1997–2001 National Health Interview Survey	Latino and African American children, compared to white children, had less frequent parental reports of ADHD.
Miller, 2009(108)	Systematic Review/Meta-analysis	African Americans were less likely to have an ADHD diagnosis. African-Americans, when diagnosed, had greater severity scores.
ASD
Mandell, 2002(14)	Medicaid claims for 406 children diagnosed with autism	African-American children were diagnosed with autism at older ages than white children, and required more time in treatment before receiving an autism diagnosis.
Croen, 2002(16)	Birth certificate and health service agency records for >3 million children in California	Children of African-American mothers were more likely to have ASD compared to children of white mothers. Children of Latino mothers and of Mexican immigrants were less likely to have ASD than white children.
Liptak, 2008(56)	102,353 in the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health	Parent-reported prevalence of ASD was lower for Latino than white children; rates were similar for African-American and white children.
Kogan et al, 2009(5)	78,037 children included in the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health	African-American children were less likely than white children to have ever had, or currently have, an ASD.
Mandell et al, 2009(13)	Review of medical and educational records for 2168 children in a multi-site network	African-American, Latino, and other race children were less likely to have a documented ASD.
Palmer et al, 2010(15)	Data from Texas Educational Agency and Health Resources and Services Administration	School districts with more Latino children had lower rates of ASD.
Fountain et al, 2011(17)	Linked birth and administrative records on 17,185 children with diagnoses of autistic disorder born in California between 1992 and 2001	African-American, Latino, Asian, and other race children were diagnosed with ASDs at older ages than white children.
Jarquin et al, 2011(109)	Data from the Metropolitan Atlanta	Prevalence of ASDs was higher for Non-Hispanic Whites than for Non-Hispanic Black children