Table 3.

Cross-Section Estimates: Impact of Celera’s IP on Innovation Outcomes

	(1)	(2)	(3)
Panel A: publications in 2001–2009
mean = 2.197
celera	−0.877 (0.177)***	−0.328 (0.099)***	−0.264 (0.107)***
Panel B: 1(known, uncertain phenotype)
mean = 0.453
celera	−0.162 (0.015)***	−0.158 (0.015)***	−0.128 (0.017)***
Panel C: 1(known, certain phenotype)
mean = 0.081
celera	−0.027 (0.007)***	−0.017 (0.006)***	−0.014 (0.007)**
Panel D: 1(used in any diagnostic test)
mean = 0.060
celera	−0.023 (0.006)***	−0.014 (0.005)***	−0.013 (0.006)**
indicator variables for year of disclosure	yes	yes	yes
number of publications in each year 1970–2000	no	yes	yes
detailed cytogenetic & molecular covariates	no	no	yes
N	27,882	27,882	16,485

Notes: Gene-level observations. All estimates are from ordinary-least-squares (OLS) models. Samples in Columns (1) and (2) include all genes; sample in Column (3) includes all genes with non-missing cytogenetic and molecular covariates. Robust standard errors shown in parentheses.

^*p< 0.10;

^**p< 0.05;

^***p< 0.01.

“Celera”: 0/1, =1 for a Celera gene. Indicator variables for year of disclosure: 0/1 indicator variables for the year sequence for the gene was disclosed. Number of publications in each year 1970–2000: count variables for the number of publications on each gene in each year from 1970 to 2000. Detailed cytogenetic & molecular covariates: 0/1 indicator variables for the chromosome (1–22, X, or Y) and arm (p or q) on which a gene is located; continuous variables for region, band, subband, start base pair, and end base pair; and 0/1 indicator variables for the orientation of the gene on the genome assembly (plus or minus). See text and the online appendix for more detailed data and variable descriptions.