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Molecular aetiological mechanisms of sperm DNA fragmentation
| Endogenous | Exogenous |
|---|---|
| Dysfunction of topoisomerase II | ROS |
| Abortive apoptosis expressed in: | |
| Hypospermatogenesis- maturation arrest at the spermatid stage | |
| Advanced male age | |
| Varicocele patients | |
| Chronic prostatitis | |
| Testicular torsion, cryptorchidism, vasectomy | |
| Radiation, heat exposure | |
| Hormonal dysfunction |
