Table 3.
Characteristics of US adult population by opioid status, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2000 and 2010
| 2000 a | 2010 a | P-value for difference between groups b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Opioid user | Non-opioid user | Opioid user | Non-opioid user | Opioid users and non-users, 2010 |
Opioid users, 2000 vs. 2010 |
| No. sampled (respondents) | 1,277 | 16,481 | 2,542 | 21,152 | ||
| Estimated No. adults in US population, millions | 15.3 | 190.7 | 27.5 | 206.3 | ||
| Age | 46.4 (45.0, 47.7) | 44.9 (44.5, 45.5) | 50.1 (49.0, 51.2) | 45.9 (45.5, 46.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 39.8 (36.7, 43.1) | 48.5 (47.9, 49.2) | 40.2 (38.2, 42.3) | 49.6 (48.9, 50.2) | <0.001 | 0.19 |
| Employment c, % | 50.3 (46.7, 53.9) | 61.2 (59.9, 62.5) | 44.3 (41.5, 47.2) | 57.3 (56.6, 58.6) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Race /ethnicity, % | <0.001 | 0.01 | ||||
| hispanic | 6.7 (4.9, .9) | 11.0 (9.3, 13.0) | 10.3 (8.6, 12.2) | 14.6 (13.1, 16.3) | ||
| white | 80.2 (77.8, 82.5) | 73.4 (71.2, 75.6) | 73.6 (71.5, 75.5) | 66.9 (64.8, 68.9) | ||
| black | 10.0 (8.1, 12.3) | 11.6 (9.8, 13.7) | 12.1 (10.6, 13.7) | 11.5 (10.3, 12.7) | ||
| other | 3.1 (2.1, 4.7) | 4.0 (3.4, 4.8) | 4.1 (3.4, 5.1) | 7.1 (6.0, 8.3) | ||
| College or advanced degree d, % | 24.9 (22.4, 27.5) | 29.9 (28.4, 31.5) | 31.9 (29.0, 34.9) | 37.3 (36.2, 38.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Marriage, % | <0.001 | 0.02 | ||||
| current married | 58.6 (54.8, 62.3) | 55.5 (54.1, 56.9) | 52.1 (49.8, 54.4) | 53.2 (51.7, 54.6) | ||
| never married | 16.9 (14.1, 20.3) | 25.0 (23.9, 26.2) | 19.5 (17.7, 21.5) | 28.2 (27.2, 29.3) | ||
| previously married | 24.4 (21.7, 27.3) | 19.5 (18.6, 20.4) | 28.4 (26.2, 30.1) | 18.6 (17.7, 19.5) | ||
| Low income, % | 39.1 (36.2, 42.1) | 32.9 (31.8, 34.2) | 35.3 (33.0, 37.7) | 30.2 (29.2, 31.1) | <0.001 | 0.05 |
| Insurance, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| private | 74.8 (71.6, 77.7) | 73.8 (72.3, 75.2) | 62.1 (59.6, 64.5) | 67.9 (66.6, 69.1) | ||
| public | 17.9 (15.3, 20.8) | 13.3 (12.3, 14.4) | 28.1 (25.7, 30.1) | 16.0 (15.2, 16.9) | ||
| uninsured | 7.3 (12.1, 13.9) | 12.9 (5.8, 9.2) | 9.8 (8.7, 11.1) | 16.1 (15.1, 17.1) | ||
| Census region, % | 0.003 | 0.51 | ||||
| Northeast | 15.0 (10.6, 20.8) | 19.4 (16.2, 23.1) | 17.7 (14.0, 22.2) | 18.6 (16.2, 21.2) | ||
| Midwest | 24.7 (19.4, 30.8) | 22.9 (18.9, 27.3) | 24.9 (20.4, 29.6) | 21.3 (17.9, 25.2) | ||
| South | 36.2 (29.5, 43.5) | 35.4 (29.7, 41.6) | 38.3 (34.2, 42.5) | 36.5 (33.3, 39.7) | ||
| West | 24.1 (17.0, 32.9) | 22.3 (17.5, 27.9) | 19.4 (16.1, 23.0) | 23.7 (20.6, 27.0) | ||
| Obesitye, % | 27.8 (27.4, 28.3) | 26.8 (26.6, 26.9) | 29.2 (28.8, 29.5) | 27.6 (27.4, 27.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 31.4 (27.9, 35.1) | 22.4 (21.5, 23.4) | 27.7 (25.5, 30.0) | 16.6 (15.7, 17.6) | <0.001 | 0.08 |
| Summary health scoref, mean | ||||||
| PCS | 43.5 (42.7, 44.4) | 50.8 (50.5, 51.0) | 41.6 (40.9, 42.4)) | 50.5 (50.3, 50.7) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| MCS | 48.4 (47.6, 49.3) | 51.2 (50.9, 51.4) | 47.6 (47.0, 48.2) | 51.6 (51.4, 51.8) | <0.001 | 0.11 |
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; PCS, physical composite summary; MCS, mental composite summary
a
Values express as either proportion answering “yes” or mean (95% CI)
b
Categorical data compared using chi-square, continuous data compared using two-sample t-test
c
Employment for the entire year
d
Education dichotomized into “College or advanced degree” vs. “High school or less”
c
Obesity defined as a BMI of 30 or greater
f
PCS and MCS scores range from 0–100, with a higher score indicating better functioning