Table 3.
Effects of skipping behavior on memory performance: Results from ACTIVE (N=1,401)
| Memory-trained participants who ever skipped spaces* on AVLT (n=174) |
Memory-trained never-skippers (n=529) |
Memory-trained ever-skippers vs never-skippers |
Control group (n=698) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (SE) | Cohen's d effect size (vs control) | P value (vs control) | Estimate (SE) | Cohen's d effect size (vs control) | P value (vs control) | Cohen's d effect size | P value | Estimate (SE) | |
| Means | |||||||||
| Baseline | 53.7 (0.7) | 2.1 | <0.001 | 49.3 (0.4) | 0.3 | 0.322 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 49.8 (0.4) |
| Immediate pre-post change | 3.6 (0.5) | 2.0 | <0.001 | 2.0 (0.3) | 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 0.007 | Fixed at 0 |
| Post-training pace of change | −1.0 (0.1) | 0.4 | 0.415 | −1.0 (0.1) | 0.5 | 0.142 | 0.1 | 0.869 | −0.9 (0.1) |
| Variances | |||||||||
| Initial level | 82.4 (3.3) | -- | 82.4 (3.3) | -- | -- | 82.4 (3.3) | |||
| Post-training pace of change | 0.4 (0.1) | -- | 0.4 (0.1) | -- | -- | 0.4 (0.1) | |||
| Model fit statistics | |||||||||
| RMSEA | 0.048 | ||||||||
| CFI | 0.987 | ||||||||
Legend. Results of a latent growth model of memory performance stratified by AVLT skipping behavior and training status. The memory composite outcome was standardized to the baseline measurement and standardized to a T scale (mean 50, standard deviation 10).
*
In this study, skipping spaces on AVLT response forms are used as a surrogate for use of the method of loci; see Methods.
SE: standard error