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Putative molecular mechanisms of the combinatorial genetic and cellular approach. (A) Major in vitro molecular effects when DCs are combined with MSCs coengineered with TNF-α and CD40L. Briefly, engineered MSCs induced DC costimulatory molecules and proinflammation valuable for subsequent enhancement of T-cell responses and possible tumor immunotherapy. (B) Major in vivo effects when DCs are combined with MSCs coengineered with TNF-α and CD40L.
