Table 2.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of serum 25-OHD concentration with carotid intima-media thickness and plaque.
| Cross-sectional analyses | Longitudinal analyses | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25-OHD | Baseline CCA-IMT | Change in CCA-IMT1 | ||||||
| N | Unadjusted mean IMT [µm (SD)] |
Adjusted difference [µm (95%CI)] |
N | Unadjusted mean difference [µm (SD)] |
Adjusted difference [µm (95%CI)] |
|||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| ≥30.0 ng/ml | 1047 | 924 (221) | ref. | ref. | 876 | 133 (127) | ref. | ref. |
| 20.0–29.9 ng/ml | 1132 | 923 (207) | 1.3 (−15.1 to 17.7) |
−7.2 (−23.3 to 8.9) |
931 | 136 (134) | 3.2 (−9.1 to 15.6) |
0.1 (−12.3 to 12.5) |
| <20 ng/ml | 1003 | 936 (204) | 23.0 (5.5 to 40.5) |
7.5 (−10.0 to 24.9) |
776 | 144 (162) | 10.0 (−4.9 to 24.8) |
4.6 (−10.6 to 19.8) |
| P value3 | <0.02 | 0.59 | <0.05 | 0.32 | ||||
| Baseline ICA-IMT | Change in ICA-IMT1 | |||||||
| N | Unadjusted mean IMT [µm (SD)] |
Adjusted difference [µm (95%CI)] |
N | Unadjusted mean difference [µm (SD)] |
Adjusted difference [µm (95%CI)] |
|||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| ≥30.0 ng/ml | 838 | 907 (397) | ref. | ref. | 514 | 168 (285) | ref. | ref. |
| 20.0–29.9 ng/ml | 868 | 917 (429) | 29.7 (−7.8 to 67.3) |
19.9 (−18.9 to 58.6) |
507 | 167 (287) | 7.8 (−27.0 to 42.9) |
1.9 (−34.9 to 38.6) |
| <20 ng/ml | 713 | 890 (362) | 38.3 (−0.7 to 77.3) |
20.2 (−19.8 to 60.3) |
387 | 156 (248) | 7.2 (−31.7 to 38.8) |
−2.4 (−43.7 to 38.8) |
| P value3 | <0.03 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.95 | ||||
| Baseline prevalence of carotid plaque | Incidence of a new carotid plaque1,2 | |||||||
| N | Unadjusted prevalence [%] |
Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | N | Unadjusted cumulative incidence [%] |
Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) | |||
| Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
| ≥30.0 ng/ml | 1048 | 47.00% | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 556 | 41.20% | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| 20.0–29.9 ng/ml | 1140 | 48.10% | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) |
1.17 (0.98–1.41) |
592 | 42.70% | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) |
1.16 (0.90–1.48) |
| <20 ng/ml | 1024 | 44.30% | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) |
1.09 (0.88–1.35) |
570 | 37.90% | 1.04 (0.78–1.37) |
1.04 (0.78–1.39) |
| P value3 | 0.28 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.67 | ||||
between the two carotid ultrasounds (9.4y)
among those without carotid plaques at baseline
P-value generated evaluating 25-OHD as a continuous variable.
Linear model 1 adjusted for sex, race, study field center, education, income and time between the 2 ultrasounds.
Linear model 2 further adjusted for physical activity, smoking, BMI, LDL, HDL, use of statins and GFR.
Logistic model 3 adjusted for age, sex, race, site, education, income and time between the 2 ultrasounds.
Logistic model 4 further adjusted for physical activity, smoking, BMI, LDL, HDL, use of statins and GFR.
Abbreviations: CCA-IMT = intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery / ICA-IMT = intima-media thickness of the internal carotid artery