Table 6.

Multi-component carrier systems. These systems are composed of multiple parts and chemicals. They are designed to allow for the delivery of a variety of peptides and proteins.

System	Product name	Effect on absorption	Therapeutics tested with the system
GI-MAPS	Eudragit® L100, Eudragit S100, HP-55	Protection of peptide, increased exposure to GI tract	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
SNAC carrier molecule	Emisphere™	Increased membrane permeability	Insulin, calcitonin, growth hormone, GLP-1
Amphiphilic oligomers	HIM2	Resists GI enzyme degradation and increases membrane permeability	Insulin, calcitonin, enkephalin, parathyroid hormone
Lipid-based microemulsion	Macrulin™	Protects peptide against acidic and proteolytic degradation; increased GI absorption	Insulin, sCT
Protein crystallization	CLEC™	Increased stability against proteolysis	Calcitonin, lipases, polypeptides

GI: Gastrointestinal; GI-MAPS: Gastrointestinal mucoadhesive patch system; GLP: Glucagon like peptide; sCT: Salmon calcitonin; SNAC: n-(8-[2-hydroxylbenzoyl]amino)caprylic acid.

Adapted from [63].