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. 2014 Mar 17;9(3):e92227. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092227

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© 2014 Chen et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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CXCR4 expression is increased in the kidneys of SNx rats (A), whereas SDF-1 is reduced (B). The kidneys of SNx rats also demonstrated an upregulation of the pro-fibrotic growth factor, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (C). In cultured NRK-49F renal fibroblasts, recombinant TGF-β downregulated SDF-1 mRNA, with this effect being attenuated by HDAC inhibition with vorinostat (D). *p<0.001 vs. sham, ^†p<0.05 vs. sham, ^‡p<0.01 vs. sham, ^§p<0.001 vs. control, ^¶p<0.001 vs. TGF-β.