Table 1.
Participant Characteristics Across Quartile Categories of Energy-Adjusted Self-Reported Total (Dietary and Supplemental) Magnesium Intake in the Framingham Heart Study
| Quartile 1 (n = 673) | Quartile 2 (n = 674) | Quartile 3 (n = 674) | Quartile 4 (n = 674) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium intake, mg/day | p Linear trend | ||||
| Median | 258.8 | 303.6 | 351.1 | 427.4 | |
| Range, mg/day | 159.8–283.9 | 284.0–325.4 | 325.5–383.6 | 383.9–669.4 | |
| General characteristics | |||||
| Age at CT exam, yrs | 51.4 (0.4) | 52.9 (0.4) | 52.4 (0.4) | 54.1 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 35.0 (2.0) | 49.0 (2.0) | 55.0 (2.0) | 59.0 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.6 (0.2) | 28.0 (0.2) | 27.7 (0.2) | 27.3 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, h/day | 4.9 (0.1) | 4.5 (0.1) | 4.7 (0.1) | 4.8 (0.1) | 0.19 |
| Current smoker, % | 17.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (1.0) | 11.0 (1.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Completed at least high school, % | 98.0 (0.0) | 99.0 (0.0) | 99.0 (0.0) | 99.0 (0.0) | 0.48 |
| College degree or higher, % | 35.0 (2.0) | 47.0 (2.0) | 54.0 (2.0) | 56.0 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Current HRT use, % of women | 18.0 (2.0) | 21.0 (2.0) | 20.0 (2.0) | 23.0 (2.0) | 0.50 |
| Post-menopausal, % of women | 49.0 (2.0) | 52.0 (2.0) | 49.0 (2.0) | 55.0 (2.0) | 0.09 |
| Clinical and laboratory characteristics | |||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 122.9 (0.6) | 122.4 (0.6) | 121.3 (0.6) | 120.8 (0.6) | 0.05 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.2 (0.4) | 76.5 (0.3) | 76.0 (0.3) | 75.7 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| Antihypertensive Rx, % | 18.0 (1.0) | 16.0 (1.0) | 16.0 (1.0) | 17.0 (1.0) | 0.88 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 201.1 (1.4) | 198.3 (1.3) | 196.8 (1.3) | 193.8 (1.3) | 0.002 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 52.1 (0.6) | 53.7 (0.5) | 53.2 (0.5) | 53.9 (0.6) | 0.09 |
| Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.0 (0.1) | 4.0 (0.1) | 3.9 (0.1) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering Rx, % | 9.0 (1.0) | 14.0 (1.0) | 12.0 (1.0) | 15.0 (1.0) | 0.008 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 99.0 (0.8) | 98.8 (0.8) | 98.9 (0.8) | 97.8 (0.8) | 0.64 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/l* | 85.6 (1.0) | 82.3 (1.0) | 79.8 (1.0) | 79.0 (1.0) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes Rx, % | 1.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 0.45 |
| CVD prevention Rx, % | 13.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (1.0) | 0.97 |
| Aspirin use, % | 13.0 (1.0) | 16.0 (1.0) | 20.0 (1.0) | 22.0 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis Rx, % | 4.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.0) | 0.64 |
| CRP, mg/l | 3.3 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 93.9 (0.7) | 94.0 (0.7) | 94.1 (0.7) | 94.1 (0.7) | 0.99 |
| CAC, AS* | 5.93 (1.07) | 6.49 (1.07) | 5.75 (1.07) | 4.53 (1.07) | 0.002 |
| AS 0, % | 53.0 (2.0) | 54.0 (2.0) | 57.0 (2.0) | 61.0 (2.0) | 0.01 |
| AS >0–<10, % | 14.0 (1.0) | 11.0 (1.0) | 10.0 (1.0) | 10.0 (1.0) | |
| AS 10–<100, % | 15.0 (1.0) | 15.0 (1.0) | 15.0 (1.0) | 14.0 (1.0) | |
| AS 100–<400, % | 12.0 (1.0) | 12.0 (1.0) | 10.0 (1.0) | 8.0 (1.0) | |
| AS >400, % | 6.0 (1.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | 7.0 (1.0) | |
| AAC, AS* | 24.53 (1.09) | 21.33 (1.09) | 15.80 (1.09) | 15.96 (1.09) | 0.001 |
| AS >0, % | 56.0 (2.0) | 55.0 (2.0) | 50.0 (2.0) | 51.0 (2.0) | 0.02 |
| Dietary characteristics | |||||
| Magnesium, total, mg/day | 250.9 (1.3) | 302.4 (1.3) | 350.3 (1.3) | 442.7 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| From diet, mg/day | 250.8 (1.6) | 300.5 (1.6) | 334.4 (1.5) | 380.0 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| From supplements, mg/day | 1.8 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.3) | 17.6 (1.3) | 64.4 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Calcium, total, mg/day | 803.7 (15.2) | 947.1 (15.1) | 1078.5 (15.0) | 1279.0 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| From diet, mg/day | 696.6 (10.9) | 813.5 (10.8) | 886.0 (10.7) | 929.1 (10.8) | <0.001 |
| From supplements, mg/day | 112.1 (11.9) | 138.5 (11.8) | 197.4 (11.7) | 354.8 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Energy, kcal/day | 2036 (24) | 1830 (24) | 1949 (24) | 2092 (24) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K, mcg/day | 109.2 (4.7) | 145.9 (4.6) | 185.4 (4.6) | 236.2 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D, IU/day | 246.5 (10.0) | 345.4 (9.9) | 427.7 (9.9) | 599.7 (10.0) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat, g/day | 27.3 (0.2) | 25.9 (0.2) | 24.1 (0.2) | 21.8 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Fiber, g/day | 14.2 (0.2) | 17.2 (0.2) | 20.0 (0.2) | 23.7 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 11.8 (0.6) | 11.2 (0.5) | 10.4 (0.5) | 9.5 (0.6) | 0.01 |
| Multivitamin use, % | 27.0 (2.0) | 39.0 (2.0) | 52.0 (2.0) | 79.0 (2.0) | <0.001 |
Values are mean (SE), unless otherwise indicated. All characteristics are age- and sex-adjusted, except for age and sex, which are mutually adjusted. Dietary characteristics are also energy-adjusted.
Analyzed in the natural logarithm scale and back-transformed. Geometric mean (geometric SE) are presented.
AAC = abdominal aortic calcification; AS = Agatston score; BMI = body mass index; CAC = coronary artery calcification; CRP = C-reactive protein; CT = computed tomography; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; GFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; Rx = use of medication/treatment; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SE = standard error.