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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Am Surg. 2011 Jul;77(7):922–928.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Surgical skin markers impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation in minimally manipulated human saphenous vein grafts. Saphenous veins from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass or peripheral vascular revascularization surgery were collected before any intraoperative preparation (n = 3). Rings from each vein were either left untreated (control), or treated with one of two different surgical skin markers (SSM2 or SSM3), and suspended in a muscle bath. Rings were precontracted with 10−6 M phenylephrine and then exposed to 5 × 10−7 M carbachol. Force was measured and converted to stress (105 N/m2). The error bars show standard error of the mean. * P < 0.002.5.