Table 1.

Growth factors and their receptors in synaptogenesis and neuropsychiatric disease.

Growth factors proposed to be involved in brain development are listed, along with available evidence for their involvement in neuropsychiatric disease. Evidence from animal models is listed in blue, evidence from studies in humans or tissue derived from humans is listed in orange. Abbreviations used: 3 '-UTR, 3 '-untranslated region; AD, Alzheimer disease; AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CA3, cornu ammonis area 3; CATSHL, camptodactyly, tall stature, scoliosis, and hearing loss; CNS, central nervous system; DG, dentate gyrus; EGF, epidermal growth factor; ES cell, embryonic stem cell; Fz, Frizzled receptor; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; GH, growth hormone; GluR, AMPA glutamate receptor subunit; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LTP, long-term potentiation; MDD, major depressive disorder; miR, microRNA; MMSE, mini-mental status exam; NGF, nerve growth factor; NRG, neuregulin; NT-3, neurotrophin-3; NT-4, neurotrophin-4; OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder; PD, Parkinson disease; PFC, prefrontal cortex; PTZ, pentylenetetrazol; RNAi, RNA interference; Ryk, atypical receptor tyrosine kinase; SADDAN, severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; TGF, transforming growth factor; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; WAGRO, wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, mental retardation, and obesity syndrome.