Table 3.
Gender-specific Bivariate Associations (linear regression coefficients) between Cumulative Daily Fluoride Intake (mg/day) and Bone Measures at Age 15 yrs: Unadjusted; Adjusted for Height, Weight, Time since PHV, and Tanner Stage, Daily Calcium Intake, and ActiGraph-based MVPA; and Adjusted for Height, Weight, Time since PHV, and Tanner Stage, without Calcium or MVPA
| Unadjusted, Full Sample ¥ |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females (n = 183) |
Males (n = 175) |
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| Dependent Variable | β | SE | p value | R2 | Partial R2 | β | SE | p value | R2 | Partial R2 |
| Whole-body BMC without head (g) | 234.01 | 97.94 | .02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 181.66 | 106.85 | .10 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Spine BMC (g) | 7.32 | 3.38 | .04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 5.24 | 3.20 | .11 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 0.07 | 0.04 | .08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | .04 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Hip BMC (g) | 2.92 | 1.79 | .11 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.79 | 2.08 | .39 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | 0.03 | 0.04 | .53 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | .46 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Partially Adjusted, Full Sample ¥ (no adjustment for calcium or physical activity) |
||||||||||
| Females (n = 183) |
Males (n = 175) |
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| Dependent Variable | β | SE | p value | R2 | Partial R2 | β | SE | p value | R2 | Partial R2 |
| Whole-body BMC without head (g) | -50.90 | 55.42 | .36 | 0.72 | < 0.01 | -23.77 | 64.24 | .72 | 0.67 | < 0.01 |
| Spine BMC (g) | 0.19 | 2.59 | .94 | 0.49 | < 0.01 | 0.36 | 2.28 | .88 | 0.54 | < 0.01 |
| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | -0.01 | 0.03 | .78 | 0.44 | < 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | .47 | 0.38 | < 0.01 |
| Hip BMC (g) | -1.88 | 1.23 | .13 | 0.58 | 0.01 | -1.49 | 1.53 | .34 | 0.50 | 0.01 |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | -0.06 | 0.03 | .10 | 0.40 | 0.02 | -0.03 | 0.03 | .41 | 0.29 | < 0.01 |
| Fully Adjusted, Reduced Sample ф |
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| Females (n = 123) |
Males (n = 135) |
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| Dependent Variable | β | SE | p value | R2 | Partial R2 | β | SE | p value | R2 | Partial R2 |
| Whole-body BMC without head (g) | 57.65 | 76.17 | .46 | 0.72 | 0.01 | -55.99 | 65.17 | .40 | 0.76 | 0.01 |
| Spine BMC (g) | 4.81 | 3.51 | .18 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 2.30 | .88 | 0.66 | < 0.01 |
| Spine BMD (g/cm2) | 0.04 | 0.05 | .43 | 0.41 | 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.03 | .97 | 0.51 | < 0.01 |
| Hip BMC (g) | 0.32 | 1.66 | .85 | 0.61 | < 0.01 | -2.00 | 1.64 | .23 | 0.60 | 0.01 |
| Hip BMD (g/cm2) | -0.01 | 0.05 | .95 | 0.44 | < 0.01 | -0.03 | 0.03 | .38 | 0.43 | 0.01 |
PHV, peak height velocity; MVPA, moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density.
¥
Adjusted for: height, weight, time since PHV, and Tanner Stage.
ф
Adjusted for: height, weight, time since PHV, Tanner Stage, daily calcium intake, and ActiGraph moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA).