TABLE 1.

Unique genes from Venn diagram analysis of HT-29 cells challenged with poly(I·C) only and PC only in descending order of fold change in expression^a

Challenge (no. of unique genes), immune gene protein	Function	Immune pathway(s)	Fold change in expressionb
Poly(I·C) only (n = 37)
IL-17C (cytokine)	T cell-derived cytokine that stimulates the release of TNF-α and IL-1β	Inflammatory cytokine and receptors	12.41
LTB (cytokine)	Cytokine with a specific role in immune response regulation	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	8.20
TNF-α (cytokine)	Potent proinflammatory cytokine, involved in inflammatory responses	MAPK signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	6.77
CSF2 (cytokine)	Cytokine that stimulates growth and differentiation	JAK-STAT signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, T cell receptor signaling	6.31
NF-κB2	Pleiotropic transcription factor involved in inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis, and apoptosis	MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway	5.32
CDKN1A	Intermediate inhibitor of cellular proliferation in response to DNA damage	p53 signaling, cell cycle	4.72
CSF1 (cytokine)	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors that have a role in immune defenses	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	4.14
IRF1	Transcriptional activator for IFN-α-, IFN-β-, and IFN-γ-stimulated genes, a modulator of virus-induced signaling	NF-κB signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway	3.86
BMP2	Member of the TGF-β superfamily	TGF-β signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	3.77
RELB	Component of the NF-κB RelB-p52 complex	MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway	3.38
BF	Not in Gene Cards database	No pathway	3.17
IL-32 (cytokine)	Inducer of TNF-α and IL-8, activating cytokine signaling pathways of NF-κB and p38 MAPK	Inflammatory response and autoimmunity	3.04
OASL	Binder to double-stranded RNA and DNA	No KEGG pathway	2.95
IFNGR2	Accessory factor of the IFN-γ signal transduction pathway	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	2.93
TNFRSF12A	Inducer of apoptosis in some cell types	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-κB signaling pathway, apoptosis	2.89
ICAM1	Adhesion molecule, intercellular 1, upregulated by cytokines	CAMs	2.80
ELF3	Transcriptional activator that binds and transactivates external transcribed spacer (ETS) sequences	Selected targets of ESR1	2.74
ISG20	Exonuclease involved in the antiviral function of IFN against RNA viruses	IFN-α and IFN-β response	2.59
IL-28B (cytokine)	Protein with immunomodulatory activity that displays potent antiviral activity	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.52
MAP2K3	Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, critical component of TNF signaling	MAPK signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway	2.48
NR4A1	Regulator of expression of delayed-early genes during liver regeneration	MAPK signaling pathway	2.43
VEGF	Signaling protein involved in angiogenesis	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction	2.39
IFIT2	IFN-α-inducible protein induced by viral infections	Interferons and receptors	2.38
JUNB	Transcription factor involved in regulating primary growth factor response	MAPK signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.36
BCL2L1	Potent inhibitor of cell death, regulating cell death by blocking the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)	Apoptosis, JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.36
IL-29 (cytokine)	Protein involved in antiviral immunity and induced by viral infections or dsRNA	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.35
STAT5A	Protein involved in signal transduction and activation of transcription in response to cytokines	JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.35
TRIF	Adaptor used by TLR3 and TL4R to mediate NF-κB and interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) activation	NF-κB signaling, TLR signaling pathway	2.26
MAP3K11	Kinase that activates MAPK8/JNK kinase and functions as a positive regulator of the Jun N-terminal protein kinase signaling pathway	MAPK signaling pathway	2.25
NFKB1	Rapidly acting primary transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection	MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway	2.20
CLCF1 (cytokine)	Cytokine with a B cell-stimulating capability	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.20
GBP1	Guanylate binding protein mediating an antiviral response	JAK-STAT signaling pathway	2.20
DUSP5	Phosphatase that inactivates members of the MAPK superfamily	MAPK signaling pathway	2.15
IKBKE	Noncanonical IκB kinase (IKK) that is essential for regulating antiviral signaling pathways	NF-κB signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway	2.14
RGS3	Downregulator of G-protein-mediated release of inositol phosphates and activation of MAPKs	G-protein signaling, G-protein alpha-q signaling cascades	2.05
CXCL11 (chemokine)	Chemotactic protein for interleukin-activated T cells	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, TLR signaling pathway	2.04
GCH1	Member of the GTP cyclohydrolase family in BH4 biosynthesis	Nitric oxide signaling pathway, neurotransmitter receptors/regulators, IFN-α and IFN-β response	2.03
PC only (n = 3)
IFITM1	IFN-induced antiviral protein that mediates cellular innate immunity	Interferon signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway	2.36
FGF19	Protein involved in the suppression of bile acid biosynthesis	MAPK signaling pathway	2.20
IFI44L	Member of the IFI44 family	Interferons and receptors pathway	2.10

^aImmune gene function data are from GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org), and immune pathway data are from KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway.html).

^bAll genes were upregulated. Fold change or expression ratio = 2^log₂ratio. A 2-fold change in differentially expressed genes and a P value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.