TABLE 4.
Adjuvant effect of combinations of TLR agonists on chicken immune cells
| TLR combination | Cell category | Result(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLR5 and TLR4 | Chicken PBMCs | Synergistic upregulation of NO, IL-6, and IL-12; antagonistic downregulation of IL-4 | 79 |
| TLR3 and TLR21 | Chicken RBCsa | Synergistic upregulation of type 1 IFNs | 102 |
| TLR3 and TLR21 | Chicken monocytes | Synergistic upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 | 103 |
| TLR4 and TLR21 | Chicken thrombocytes | Synergistic upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 | 104 |
| TLR3 and TLR21 | Chicken monocytes | Synergistic upregulation of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP-1β | 92 |
| TLR3 and TLR21 | Chicken monocytes | Synergistic upregulation of NO production | 94 |
a
RBCs, red blood cells.