Table 2. Prevalence^a of Frequent Insufficient Sleep^b and Frequent Mental Distress^c Among Adults 18 Years or Older in 12 US States,^d 2009.

Characteristic	Frequent Insufficient Sleep, % (95% CI)	P Valuee	Frequent Mental Distress, % (95% CI)	P Valuee
Sex
Men	23.9 (22.6–25.2)	1 [Reference]	8.8 (7.9–9.7)	1 [Reference]
Women	28.8 (27.8–29.8)	<.001	12.6 (11.8–13.4)	<.001
Age, y
18–44	30.7 (29.3–32.2)	<.001	11.1 (10.1–12.1)	<.001
45–64	26.1 (25.0–27.3)	<.001	12.0 (11.1–12.9)	<.001
≥65	14.1 (13.1–15.1)	1 [Reference]	7.3 (6.3–8.2)	1 [Reference]
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	26.5 (25.6–27.3)	1 [Reference]	9.6 (9.0–10.1)	1 [Reference]
Non-Hispanic black	29.4 (27.0–31.9)	.02	14.8 (12.5–17.1)	<.001
Hispanic	24.5 (21.8–27.1)	.17	13.5 (11.3–15.6)	<.001
Other	27.1 (24.0–30.2)	.69	9.2 (7.5–11.0)	.71
Education, y
<12	26.1 (23.2–28.9)	.84	16.3 (14.0–18.6)	<.001
12	26.6 (25.0–28.2)	.81	12.6 (11.3–14.0)	<.001
>12	26.4 (25.4–27.4)	1 [Reference]	9.0 (8.3–9.6)	1 [Reference]
Housing insecurityf
No	21.6 (20.7–22.5)	1 [Reference]	6.8 (6.2–7.4)	1 [Reference]
Yes	37.7 (35.7–39.6)	<.001	20.1 (18.5–21.7)	<.001
Food insecurityg
No	22.9 (22.1–23.7)	1 [Reference]	7.7 (7.1–8.3)	1 [Reference]
Yes	41.1 (38.7–43.4)	<.001	23.5 (21.7–25.3)	<.001
Frequent mental distress (≥14 d/30 d)
No	22.3 (21.5–23.1)	1 [Reference]	—
Yes	59.7 (56.7–62.7)	<.001	—
Frequent insufficient sleep (≥14 d/30 d)
No	—		5.9 (5.3–6.5)	1 [Reference]
Yes	—		24.4 (22.9–26.0)	<.001

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; —, does not apply.

^a Prevalence (%) and 95% CI were weighted to take study design into account.

^b Frequent insufficient sleep was defined as a response of ≥14 days of not getting enough rest/sleep in the past 30 days.

^c Frequent mental distress was defined as a response of ≥14 days that mental health was not good in the past 30 days.

^d Adult population was drawn from respondents to an optional module from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 12 states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Wisconsin).

^e Obtained from a 2-sided t test to assess the difference of prevalence of frequent insufficient sleep and frequent mental distress among groups.

^f Housing insecurity was defined as a response of “always,” “usually,” or “sometimes” felt worried or stressed about having enough money to pay rent or mortgage.

^g Food insecurity was defined as a response of “always,” “usually,” or “sometimes” felt worried or stressed about having enough money to buy nutritious meals.