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. 2014 Feb 3;14(2):2449–2467. doi: 10.3390/s140202449

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 1. — Scheme of single molecule energy levels and the electron transfer (ET) between a single molecule and the matrix. S₀, S₁ and T₁ represent the ground state, excited state and triplet state of single molecule, respectively. k_exc is excitation rate, k_fluo means the emission rate of fluorescence, k_isc is the intersystem crossing rate to T₁, k_ic is the internal conversion rate and k_p is phosphorescence rate from T₁. k_et and k_bet represent the forward ET rate and backward ET rate.