Table 3. ¹H NMR of urine metabolites.

Metabolite number	Name of metabolite	δ (ppm)	Athlete Fold Change (±SD)	Control Fold Change (±SD)	p-value
M1	2-Hydroxybutyrate	0.90	1.28±0.23	1.48±0.65	0.44
M2	2-Hydroxyisovalerate	3.85	1.12±0.39	1.44±0.12	0.046*
M3	α-Ketoglutarate	2.45	0.98±0.29	1.03±0.41	0.78
M4	2-Oxoisocaproate	0.94	1.19±0.12	1.24±0.12	0.40
M5	2-Oxoisovalerate	1.12	1.28±0.39	1.31±0.59	0.94
M6	3-Hydroxybutyrate	1.20	0.82±0.21	0.77±0.19	0.64
M7	3-Hydroxyisobutyrate	1.07, 3.68‡	1.33±0.24	1.38±0.35	0.78
M8	3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate	1.10, 2.94‡	1.11±0.19	1.15±0.35	0.82
M9	Acetoacetate	2.24	0.91±0.12	1.05±0.26	0.23
M10	Alanine	1.49	1.16±0.29	1.12±0.39	0.83
M11	Citrate	2.55	0.63±0.15	0.66±0.19	0.70
M12	Creatinine	3.05	1.03±0.21	1.14±0.22	0.34
M13	Glycine	3.57	0.84±0.09	0.93±0.04	0.019*
M14	Formate	8.46	0.96±0.05	0.84±0.14	0.043*
M15	Lactate	1.33	4.34±1.21	7.16±6.61	0.10
M16	Malonate	3.11	1.13±0.35	1.78±0.41	0.004*
M17	Phenylalanine	3.98, 7.36‡	0.91±0.09	0.95±0.11	0.49
M18	Pyruvate	2.35	1.70±0.22	1.68±0.43	0.92
M19	Succinate	2.53	0.89±0.12	0.81±0.19	0.12
M20	Hippurate	7.56	0.91±0.56	0.96±0.63	0.86
M21	Trimethylamine N-oxide	3.25	0.88±0.22	0.83±0.31	0.70
M22	Acetate	1.93	1.32±0.14	4.21±0.12	0.0001*
M23	Hypoxanthine	8.19	4.34±1.12	2.91±0.98	0.016*
M24	Tryptophan	4.06, 7.32‡	0.83±0.05	0.94±0.08	0.004*
M25	Inosine	4.28‡, 6.10	1.39±0.71	1.29±0.84	0.81
M26	Glucuronate†	3.73	-	-	-
M27	3-Hydroxyisovalerate†	1.26	-	-	-
M28	Valine	0.99, 3.60	0.98±0.07	1.01±0.12	0.55
M29	Fumarate	6.51	2.16±0.45	1.53±0.39	0.009*
M30	Malate♮	4.29	-	-	-
M31	Histidine♭	7.09	-	-	-
M32	Leucine♮	0.95, 1.70	-	-	-

¹H NMR identified urine metabolites and relative changes in concentration reported as fold change for athlete and control groups after exercise.

‡Signal not used for concentration calculation.

†Peak areas were unreported due to peak overlap.

♮Metabolite not detected.

*Significant difference between gr°ups.

♭Histidine concentrations were not calculated due to dynamic nature of His resonances.