Table 2.
Plant genes involved in syncytium formation.
| Gene | Name | Class | Function/Expression | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At2g37640 | AtEXPA3 | Expansin | Up-regulated in syncytia, loosening of cell walls | Wieczorek et al., 2006 |
| At3g55500 | AtEXPA16 | |||
| At1g70710 | AtCel1 | Cellulase | Expressed in young syncytia. Implicated in cell wall softening during early stages of syncytium development | Mitchum et al., 2004 |
| Wieczorek et al., 2008 | ||||
| At1g02800 | AtCel2 | Cellulase | Degradation of cell walls. Decreased numbers of females develops on roots of T-DNA mutants | Wieczorek et al., 2008 |
| At4g24260 | AtKor3 | |||
| At3g14310 | Pme3 | Pectin methylesterase | Interacts with a cellulose binding protein secreted by H. schachtii during early phase of syncytium development | Hewezi et al., 2008 |
| At3g05910 | PAE (DiDi 9C-12) | Pectin acetylesterase | Up-regulated in and around young expanding syncytia induced by H. schachtii | Vercauteren et al., 2002 |
| At3g27400 | PLL18 | Pectate lyase-like | Up-regulated in syncytia. Important for proper development of the cyst nematode H. schachtii | Wieczorek et al., unpublished |
| At4g24780 | PLL19 | |||
| At3g54920 | PMR6 | Pectate lyase-like | Up-regulated in syncytia. Known also as powdery mildew susceptibility gene | Vogel et al., 2002 |
| Szakasits et al., 2009 | ||||
| At1g14520 | MIOX1 | Myo-inositol oxygenase | Strong expression in syncytia. Important for syncytium and nematode development, probably due to removal of excess myo-inositol to decrease the level of galactinol | Siddique et al., 2009, 2014 |
| At2g19800 | MIOX2 | |||
| At4g26260 | MIOX4 | |||
| At5g56640 | MIOX5 | |||
| At5g39320 | UGD1 | UDP-glucose dehydrogenase | Expressed in syncytia | Siddique et al., 2012 |
| At3g29360 | UGD2 | Expressed in syncytia. In mutant plants cell wall ingrowths are not formed in syncytia | ||
| At5g15490 | UGD3 | |||
| At1g26570 | UGD4 | Expressed in syncytia |