Table 2.
Diagnosis of IAR.
| Method | Findings |
|---|---|
| (1) Clinical | Hypertension, bradycardia, and arrhythmias |
| Blown pupil | |
| (2) Surgical | Increase ooze from surgical incision |
| Brain bulge, Hematoma | |
| (3) Monitoring | |
| ICP | Sudden rise in ICP, presence of pathological waves |
| TCD | No diastolic flow to reversal of diastolic flow |
| Cerebral oximetry | Sudden decrease in values |
| Neurophysiological monitoring |
|
| EEG | Suppression of electrical activity |
| Burst suppression, complete silence | |
| SSEP | 50% reduction in amplitude and/or 10% increase in latency |
| MEP | Increase in stimulus threshold |
| Decrease in amplitude | |
| BEAP | Increase in latency (more than 1 msec) in wave V |
| (4) Radiological | Contrast-dye extravasation |
| Prolongation of dye transit time | |
| Slowing/flow arrest ICA, flow reversal to ECA |