Table 4.
Comparative toxicity of O. melastigma and other species under various stresses.
| Exposing to | O. melastigma | Other species | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| PFOS | Hatched in advance and hatching rate increased. | Hatch was delayed and hatching rate was not affected or decreased in zebrafish. | [8–10] |
| Ke in the larvae ranged from 0.04/d to 0.07/d. | Ke ranged from 0.053 to 1.700 L/kg/d in blood, kidney, liver and gall bladder and from 0.02 to 0.23/d in carcass and liver concentrations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). | [51–53] | |
| Did not alter Epo | Led to high mortality in zebrafish | [23] | |
|
| |||
| Phe, Pyr, and BaP | NOEC values were 50, 25, and 10 μg/L, respectively. | NOEC values were 10, 50, and 1.8 μg/L, respectively, in the water flea (Tigriopus japonicus). | [54] |
|
| |||
| E2 | The mRNA level of 3Bhsd (steroidogenic enzymes) was increased. | Decreased the production of 11-KT and mRNA levels of steroidogenic enzymes in zebrafish and decreased the production of testosterone in human | [55–57] |
|
| |||
| DWNTs | Growth inhibition was observed at 10 mg/L for so-DWNTs but not for st-DWNTs. | Population growth was reduced to 0.1 mg/L for so-DWNTs and 10 mg/L for st-DWNTs in the water flea. | [23] |
|
| |||
| nZnO | Lack of change was observed in the SOD activities. | SOD activities were decreased for the first few days but recovered soon in O. latipes and were also significantly depleted in mouse embryo fibroblast cells, more toxic in Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, and less toxic in Elasmopus rapax and the water flea. | [40] |
|
| |||
| Cercariae | Did not infect | Infected in liver and kidneys of Channa punctatus, infected in the muscles of Cliona orientalis, and did not infect in Puntius sophore and Gambusia affinis | [58] |
|
| |||
| Salinity | Prefers hypoosmotic conditions | Prefers hyperosmotic conditions in Javanese medaka (Oryzias Javanicus) | [11, 59] |
| MWC was constant with the increase of salinity in O. melastigma. | MWC was decreased with the increase of salinity in O. latipes. | [7] | |
|
| |||
| Hypoxia | HAS was not present. | HAS was identified in zebrafish and Fugu. | [60] |
| 3Bhsd and Cyp19a mRNA expression upregulation | 3Bhsd and Cyp19a mRNA expression was reduced in zebrafish. | [55] | |
Notes: the elimination rate constant (Ke); No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC); 11-ketotestostrone (11-KT); HIF-1 ancillary sequence (HAS).