Table 4.

Ranking of Quality Improvement Strategies for lowering HbA1c based on meta-analysis ^*

Rank	Intervention	Number of trials	Mean difference in HbA1c (95% CI)
1	Promotion of self-management	60	−0.57 (−0.83 to −0.31)
2	Team changes	47	−0.57 (−0.71 to −0.42)
3	Case management	57	−0.50 (−0.65 to −0.36)
4	Patient education	52	−0.48 (−0.61 to −0.34)
5	Facilitated relay of clinical data	32	−0.46 (−0.60 to −0.33)
6	Electronic patient registry	27	−0.42 (−0.61 to −0.24)
7	Patient reminders	21	−0.39 (−0.65 to −0.12)
8	Audit and feedback	8	−0.26 (−0.44 to −0.08)
9	Clinician education	15	−0.19 (−0.35 to −0.03)
10	Clinician reminders	18	−0.16 (−0.31 to −0.02)
All		120	−0.37 (−0.45 to −0.28)

^*Effects were greater with baseline HbA1c>8.0% and less in HbA1c≤8.0%

Adapted from Tricco et al (7).