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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 19.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Intern Med. 2008 Jun 17;148(12):904–914. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-12-200806170-00003

Table 4.

RRs of death from all causes by combinations of coffee consumption (including decaffeinated coffee) and caffeine intake.

Quintiles of caffeine intake

Q1-Q2 Q3 Q4-Q5
Men
Total coffee, <1/mo to 4/wk, cups
 Median caffeine intake (mg/d) 33 164 338
 Person-yr 175,021 28,477 11,715
 No. of deaths 1602 237 99
 Multivariable 1.0 0.97 (0.83-1.12) 0.91 (0.73-1.13)
Total coffee, 5 to 7/wk, cups
 Median caffeine intake (mg/d) 71 179 307
 Person-yr 71,136 85,037 54,586
 No. of deaths 923 959 596
 Multivariable 1.00 (0.91-1.10) 0.96 (0.88-1.06) 1.00 (0.90-1.12)
Total coffee, ≥2/day, cups
 Median caffeine intake (mg/d) 46 192 451
 Person-yr 33,971 26,837 214,186
 No. of deaths 351 316 1805
 Multivariable 0.92 (0.80-1.05) 1.09 (0.94-1.25) 0.91 (0.84-0.98)
Women*
Total coffee, <1/mo to 4/wk, cups
 Median caffeine intake (mg/d) 98 302 511
 Person-yr 313,837 62,955 143,116
 No. of deaths 2022 415 962
 Multivariable 1.0 0.90 (0.81-1.00) 0.79 (0.73-0.86)
Total coffee, 5 to 7/wk, cups
 Median caffeine intake (mg/d) 161 292 397
 Person-yr 234,597 126,844 41,575
 No. of deaths 1570 859 314
 Multivariable 0.98 (0.92-1.05) 1.01 (0.93-1.10) 1.04 (0.92-1.17)
Total coffee, ≥2/day, cups
 Median caffeine intake (mg/d) 175 314 506
 Person-yr 83,305 126,042 446,278
 No. of deaths 456 662 2481
 Multivariable 0.84 (0.76-0.93) 0.80 (0.73-0.88) 0.84 (0.78-0.89)
*

Follow-up since 1984. The person-years and cases are different for women from previous tables because of the different years of follow-up. Models included the same covariates as in Table 2. Values are relative risks and 95% confidence intervals.