Influence of FOXM1a, FOXM1b, and FOXM1c overexpression on pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis. COLO357 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-FOXM1a (pFOXM1a), -FOXM1b (pFOXM1b), or -FOXM1c (pFOXM1c) expression vectors or the control pcDNA3.1 vector. A, tumor growth in nude mice. COLO357 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right scapular region (1 × 106 per mouse). Shown are the resulting tumor weights (top), gross tumors (middle), and resected tumors (bottom). *P < 0.01 in a comparison of the pFOXM1b- and pFOXM1c-treated groups with the mock-treated or control group. B, experiments similar to those in A were performed using AsPC-1, BxPC-3, and PANC-1 cells. Shown are representative tumors resected from mice injected with each cell type. C, pancreatic tumor metastasis in the study mice. COLO357 cells (1 × 106 per mouse) were injected into the ileocolic veins of five nude mice. Shown are the numbers of liver metastases (top), gross liver metastases (bottom left), and hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver metastasis sections (bottom right). *P < 0.01 in a comparison of the pFOXM1b- or pFOXM1c-treated group with the mock-treated or control group.