Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to frequency of total fried food consumption.* Figures are means (SD) or percentages unless otherwise indicated.
| Frequency/week | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1-3 | ≥4 | ||
| Nurses’ Health Study (women) | ||||
| No of participants | 4993 (52%) | 3027 (31%) | 1603 (17%) | — |
| Age (year) | 52.6 (6.5) | 51.6 (6.8) | 50.2 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 (4.5) | 24.4 (4.9) | 25.0 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| No (%) of current smokers (%) | 949 (19%) | 605 (20%) | 356 (22%) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 15.7 (20.7) | 12.8 (15.9) | 10.7 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Television watching (h/week) | 12.7 (11.6) | 13.8 (11.5) | 14.4 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1633 (489) | 1821 (509) | 2018 (538) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 7.4 (11.3) | 7.1 (11.7) | 6.2 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Sugar sweetened beverage intake (servings/day) | 0.22 (0.44) | 0.34 (0.57) | 0.43 (0.63) | <0.001 |
| Alternative health eating index score | 40.7 (10.6) | 37.3 (10.0) | 36.0 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Western dietary pattern score | −0.35 (0.86) | 0.18 (0.92) | 0.71 (1.06) | <0.001 |
| Genetic risk score | 29.2 (3.8) | 29.1 (3.9) | 29.2 (3.9) | 0.98 |
| Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (men) | ||||
| No of participants | 2402 (38%) | 2072 (32%) | 1905 (30%) | — |
| Age (year) | 55.7 (8.6) | 54.6 (8.6) | 52.8 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (3.1) | 25.8 (3.2) | 26.2 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| No (%) of current smokers (%) | 170 (7%) | 170 (8%) | 200 (10%) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 22.6 (29.4) | 19.1 (24.4) | 17.6 (24.3) | <0.001 |
| Television watching (h/week) | 10.9 (8.6) | 11.7 (8.5) | 12.2 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1866 (566) | 2025 (592) | 2224 (632) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 11.8 (15.6) | 13.0 (16.4) | 12.4 (16.4) | 0.17 |
| Sugar sweetened beverage intake (servings/day) | 0.21 (0.42) | 0.31 (0.49) | 0.45 (0.62) | <0.001 |
| Alternative health eating index score | 48.1 (11.2) | 43.4 (10.3) | 41.4 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Western dietary pattern score | −0.39 (0.76) | 0.11 (0.82) | 0.60 (0.95) | <0.001 |
| Genetic risk score | 29.2 (3.8) | 29.0 (3.9) | 29.0 (3.8) | 0.20 |
| Women’s Genome Health Study (women) | ||||
| No of participants | 14 702 (69%) | 4790 (22%) | 1929 (9%) | — |
| Age (year) | 55.0 (7.2) | 54.1 (6.8) | 52.9 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3 (4.5) | 26.5 (5.2) | 27.5 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| No (%) of current smokers (%) | 1470 (10%) | 504 (11%) | 270 (14%) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 16.5 (19.7) | 11.7 (14.8) | 9.6 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1665 (500) | 1842 (529) | 2002 (568) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 4.6 (8.5) | 4.1 (8.7) | 3.3 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Sugar sweetened beverage intake (servings/day) | 0.20 (0.48) | 0.33 (0.64) | 0.47 (0.85) | <0.001 |
| Alternative health eating index score | 42.4 (9.6) | 37.4 (9.1) | 34.3 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| Western dietary pattern score | −0.20 (0.72) | 0.32 (0.76) | 0.70 (0.82) | <0.001 |
| Genetic risk score | 28.6 (3.4) | 28.6 (3.4) | 28.5 (3.4) | 0.17 |
*Baseline data from 9623 women in Nurses’ Health Study (1984), 6379 men in Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986), and 21 421 women in Women’s Genome Health Study (1992). Physical activity assessed in 1986 for Nurses’ Health Study. Television watching assessed in 1992 for Nurses’ Health Study and in 1988 for Health Professionals Follow-Up Study.