Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics; All Summaries Presented as Median (25th and 75th percentile) Unless Otherwise Noted as n (%)
| Entire Cohort (n=416) | |
|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |
| Age, y | 56 (45, 65) |
| Male, n (%) | 254 (61) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| Caucasian | 301 (72) |
| African American | 98 (24) |
| Other | 17 (4) |
| Medical History and Risk Factors | |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 207 (50) |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | 115 (28) |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | |
| Never | 171 (41) |
| Former | 211 (51) |
| Current | 34 (8) |
| Heart Failure Characteristics | |
| NYHA functional classification, n (%) | |
| I | 57 (14) |
| II | 170 (41) |
| III | 143 (34) |
| IV | 46 (11) |
| Ischemic etiology, n (%) | 101 (24) |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy, n (%) | 97 (23) |
| Defibrillator, n (%) | 166 (40) |
| Medication Use | |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 353 (85) |
| Aldosterone antagonist, n (%) | 152 (37) |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 355 (85) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 333 (80) |
| Clinical Measurements | |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2.0 (1.8, 2.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 108 (96, 124) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68 (60, 76) |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 74 (64, 84) |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 69 (51, 85) |
| Echocardiogram Measurements | |
| Longitudinal strain, % | −8.2 (−10.8, −5.7) |
| Circumferential strain, % | −11.1 (−16.8, −7.1) |
| Radial strain, % | 14.9 (9.4, 22.4) |
| Longitudinal strain rate, 1/s | −0.48 (−0.65, −0.34) |
| Circumferential strain rate, 1/s | −0.70 (−1.08, −0.49) |
| Radial strain rate, 1/s | 0.88 (0.58, 1.22) |
| Ejection fraction, % | 26 (20, 36) |
| LV end‐diastole volume/BSA, mL/m2 | 115 (88, 150) |
| LV end‐systole volume/BSA, mL/m2 | 85 (58, 118) |
| LV mass/BSA, g/m2 | 129 (104, 156) |
| Effective arterial elastance (Ea), mm Hg/mL | 1.63 (1.26, 2.12) |
| End systolic elastance (Eessb), mm Hg/mL | 0.85 (0.61, 1.27) |
| Ventricular‐arterial coupling (Ea/Eessb) | 1.92 (1.47, 2.50) |
ACE indicates angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BSA, body surface area; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricular; NYHA, New York Heart Association.