Table 3.
Associations Between Echocardiography‐Derived Parameters and Risk of All‐Cause Mortality, Cardiac Transplantation, or Ventricular Assist Device Placement; Cut‐Points for Each Parameter Defined by Tertiles of its Distribution
| Echocardiographic Parameter | Unadjusted | Minimally Adjusted | Fully Adjusted | Fully Adjusted+LVEF | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Longitudinal Strain | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.14 | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
| <−9.6% | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) | 1.6 (0.94, 2.6) | 1.1 (0.64, 1.9) | 0.97 (0.55, 1.7) | ||||
| ≥−9.6% to <−6.5% | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 3.9 (2.5, 6.1) | 3.1 (1.9, 5.0) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | 1.5 (0.79, 2.7) | ||||
| ≥−6.5% | ||||||||
| Circumferential Strain | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.19 | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
| <−14.7% | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.8) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 1.4 (0.81, 2.6) | ||||
| ≥−14.7% to <−8.3% | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 3.1 (2.0, 4.8) | 2.8 (1.8, 4.4) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.7) | 1.8 (0.95, 3.4) | ||||
| ≥−8.3% | ||||||||
| Radial Strain | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.18 | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
| ≥19.4% | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 1.5 (0.93, 2.5) | 1.3 (0.79, 2.3) | ||||
| ≥11.3% to <19.4% | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 2.9 (1.9, 4.4) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.2) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.3) | 1.6 (0.97, 2.8) | ||||
| <11.3% | ||||||||
| Longitudinal SR | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.022 | 0.27 | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
| <−0.59 1/s | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.5 (0.85, 2.6) | ||||
| ≥−0.59 to <−0.39 1/s | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 3.3 (2.1, 5.2) | 2.6 (1.6, 4.2) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.4) | 1.6 (0.90, 2.9) | ||||
| ≥−0.39 1/s | ||||||||
| Circumferential SR | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.14 | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
| <−0.92 1/s | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 1.9 (1.2, 3.1) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | 1.6 (0.92, 2.9) | ||||
| ≥−0.92 to <−0.55 1/s | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 3.1 (1.9, 4.8) | 2.8 (1.8, 4.4) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.8) | 1.9 (1.0, 3.6) | ||||
| ≥−0.55 1/s | ||||||||
| Radial SR | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.11 | 0.53 | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
| ≥1.10 1/s | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 1.5 (0.95, 2.4) | 1.3 (0.82, 2.1) | 1.1 (0.69, 1.8) | 0.97 (0.58, 1.6) | ||||
| ≥0.68 to <1.10 1/s | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.2) | 1.6 (0.98, 2.5) | 1.2 (0.73, 2.0) | ||||
| <0.68 1/s | ||||||||
| Ejection Fraction | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.031 | |||||
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | |||||
| ≥32% | ||||||||
| Tertile 2 | 2.2 (1.4, 3.6) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) | 1.8 (1.0, 3.1) | |||||
| ≥22% to <32% | ||||||||
| Tertile 3 | 2.8 (1.7, 4.3) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.7) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) | |||||
| <22% | ||||||||
Minimally adjusted: Age (time‐varying), gender, race, heart failure etiology. Fully adjusted: Age (time‐varying), gender, race, heart failure etiology, height, weight, heart rate, estimated GFR, ACE inhibitor or ARB use, aldosterone antagonist use, beta‐blocker use. ACE indicates angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CI, confidence interval; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.