Table 2. Possible artifacts in cases of different sample structures.

	Star	Array	Vesicles	Lines	Solution(s)
High labeling density	− Clustering effect [39] − Increased number of rejected localizations [37]	False structure caused by the overlapping	Bridge formation between the individual vesicles	− Low contrast cross-sections [22, 28] − High intensity ends − False lines [15]	− Reduce concentration − Using unlabelled antibodies too − 1 dye/antibody − Increase the frame-rate
Low labeling density	Low contrast	Not enough information about the structures	− under-sampling − false distance measurement	Structured lines with hot spots [29]	− Increase concentration − Capture more frame
Defocus	Blurred edges	Low lateral resolution	− Low contrast image − Blurred image − High localization error	Blurred image	Usage of autofocus system
Long linker	Unshaped edges	False or vanished structure	False distance measurement	False structure (parallel lines instead of single one)	− Nanobody − Direct labeling