PfSPP antibodies in malaria patients. (A) Phylogenetic tree of malaria SPPs. (B) PfSPP-3D7 expression in the PlasmoDB. ER, early rings; LR, late rings; ET, early trophozoites; LT, late trophozoites; ES, early schizonts; LS, late schizonts; M, merozoites; S, sporozoites; G, gametozoites. (C) PfSPP-exofacial loop (AA: 226–266) sequence distances for P. falciparum (1), P. vivax (2), P. berghei (3), and P. knowlesi (4). (D) Antibodies against PfSPP-exofacial loop. Samples 1–10 indicate malaria patients’ plasma; samples 11–12 indicate two donors never exposed to malaria; and sample 13 indicates the rabbit anti-PfSPP/ER serum.