Effect of SPP inhibitors on parasite growth. (A) Blood smears of ring-stage parasites were made in the presence of inhibitors at 10 μM in 0.2% DMSO. (B) (Z-LL)2-ketone (■), L-685,458 (●), and DAPT (◆). The IC50 values of (Z-LL)2-ketone and L-685,458 for live parasites are 984.9 and 173.5 nM, respectively. (C) Disruption of the PfSPP gene in P. falciparum (3D7 strain). PfSPP gene disruption via double crossover mediated homologous recombination between the chromosomal PfSPP locus and the knockout plasmid pCC-1ΔPfSPP. Cytosine deaminase (CD) cassette was used for negative selection. PfSPP5′ and PfSPP3′ represent 5′ region (616 bp) and 3′ region (711 bp) of the PfSPP gene, respectively. Dashed lines represent bacterial vector sequences. Bold lines represent untranslated regions of the target PfSPP gene.