Table 4.
Contents of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in rice (mg/100 g DW).1
| Color2 | Rice endosperm | Rice bran |
Rice whole grain | Rice husk | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soluble | Soluble | Insoluble | Soluble | Soluble | |
| Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.04–2.61 (n = 3) | ||||
| Nonpigmented | NA | 0.96 ± 1.43 | NA | NA | NA |
| Pigmented | 11.4–534.1 (n = 14) | 2.9–162.1 (n = 15) | |||
| Pigmented | NA | 123.9 ± 102.6 | NA | 54.59 ± 54.75 | NA |
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 7.36 (n = 1) | ||||
| Nonpigmented | NA | 7.36 ± 0.00 | NA | NA | NA |
| Pigmented | 9.1–2640.4 (n = 13) | 0.8–784.3 (n = 15) | |||
| Pigmented | NA | 700.2 ± 632.7 | NA | 93.42 ± 71.32 | NA |
| Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside | |||||
| Nonpigmented | |||||
| Nonpigmented | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Pigmented | 2.93–50.00 (n = 4) | ||||
| Pigmented | NA | 28.29 ± 19.78 | NA | NA | NA |
| Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 6.19 (n = 1) | ||||
| Nonpigmented | NA | 6.19 ± 0.00 | NA | NA | NA |
| Pigmented | 3.17–96.62 (n = 6) | 13.78–19.90 (n = 2) | |||
| Pigmented | NA | 55.51 ± 16.75 | NA | 16.84 ± 0.00 | NA |
| Catechin | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.55–2.35 (n = 4) | 0.26–0.44 (n = 4) | 1.23–1.90 (n = 3) | ||
| Nonpigmented | NA | 1.38 ± 0.74 | NA | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 1.54 ± 0.34 |
| Pigmented | 5.83–48.72 (n = 7) | 0.40–3.98 (n = 8) | 1.57–3.16 (n = 4) | ||
| Pigmented | NA | 20.90 ± 6.85 | NA | 1.32 ± 1.03 | 2.02 ± 0.41 |
| Epicatechin | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.34 (n = 1) | 3.12–7.49 (n = 3) | |||
| Nonpigmented | NA | NA | NA | 0.34 ± 0.00 | 4.98 ± 2.26 |
| Pigmented | 46.53 (n = 1) | 0.42–1.41 (n = 2) | 0.57–6.14 (n = 6) | ||
| Pigmented | NA | 46.53 ± 0.00 | NA | 0.92 ± 0.00 | 2.74 ± 0.62 |
| TAC3 | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 3.09 (n = 1) | 0.41 (n = 1) | 2.00–3.26 (n = 3) | ||
| Nonpigmented | NA | 3.09 ± 0.00 | 0.41 ± 0.00 | 2.75 ± 0.67 | NA |
| Pigmented | 17.51 (n = 1) | 2.7–6353.8 (n = 22) | 4.86–8.20 (n = 4) | 4.1–256.5 (n = 16) | |
| Pigmented | 17.51 ± 0.00 | 1589.2 ± 1438.8 | 6.12 ± 1.69 | 59.43 ± 7.79 | NA |
| Black | 17.51 (n = 1) | 113.5–5096.4 (n = 9) | 4.86–8.20 (n = 3) | 19.7–256.5 (n = 16) | |
| Black | 17.51 ± 0.00 | 1884.1 ± 1794.0 | 6.66 ± 1.69 | 138.6 ± 18.9 | NA |
| Red | 1.50 (n = 1) | 2.78–26.45 (n = 8) | 5.57 (n = 1) | 0.26–11.13 (n = 10) | |
| Red | 1.50 ± 0.00 | 8.78 ± 8.84 | 5.57 ± 0.00 | 4.07 ± 4.46 | NA |
| Purple | 155.0–6353.4 (n = 5) | 35.64 (n = 1) | |||
| Purple | NA | 2874.2 ± 2511.5 | NA | 35.64 ± 0.00 | NA |
| TPAC4 | |||||
| Nonpigmented | 2.24–6.44 (n = 2) | 5.02 (n = 1) | |||
| Nonpigmented | NA | 4.34 ± 2.97 | NA | 5.02 ± 0.00 | NA |
| Pigmented | 8.8–2261.0 (n = 9) | ND (n = 1) | 5.1–202.1 (n = 7) | ||
| Pigmented | NA | 440.0 ± 462.9 | ND | 54.85 ± 38.70 | NA |
| Black | 8.8–218.9 (n = 7) | ||||
| Black | NA | 78.05 ± 79.39 | NA | NA | NA |
| Red | 80.0–2261.0 (n = 9) | ND (n = 1) | 5.1–202.0 (n = 7) | ||
| Red | NA | 716.6 ± 802.9 | ND | 87.31 ± 77.44 | NA |
| Purple | 36.0–1260.4 (n = 5) | 22.40 (n = 1) | |||
| Purple | NA | 525.4 ± 506.4 | NA | 22.40 ± 0.00 | NA |
NA, not available; ND, not detected; TAC, total anthocyanin content; TPAC, total proanthocyanidin content.
1
For each parameter, the first row values describe the minimum and maximum values (A–B) and the total number of studies from which data were extracted (n), whereas the second row values show the mean and SD.
2
Pigmented rice refer to rice with black, purple, and red bran, whereas nonpigmented rice refer to rice with brown bran.
3
TAC in mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside equivalent/100 g.
4
TPAC in mg catechin equivalent/100 g.