Table 5.
Contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols in rice (mg/kg DW).1
| Color2 | Rice endosperm | Rice bran | Rice whole grain | Rice husk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Tocopherol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.17–5.43 (n = 11) | 7.34–107.7 (n = 33) | 2.40–49.14 (n = 32) | 0.06–2.13 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 1.52 ± 1.01 | 42.11 ± 25.91 | 16.61 ± 12.87 | 0.90 ± 0.98 |
| Pigmented | 0.33–3.78 (n = 7) | 9.67–116.6 (n = 21) | 4.53–18.99 (n = 8) | 0.24–2.57 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 1.61 ± 1.16 | 43.33 ± 24.53 | 10.14 ± 4.97 | 1.09 ± 0.99 |
| β-Tocopherol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.02–0.42 (n = 4) | 1.92–25.00 (n = 12) | 0.08–7.60 (n = 8) | 0.01–0.41 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 0.18 ± 0.17 | 9.70 ± 8.48 | 2.08 ± 2.74 | 0.18 ± 0.18 |
| Pigmented | 0.15–0.26 (n = 6) | 0.83–5.01 (n = 9) | 0.34–1.79 (n = 7) | 0.03–0.33 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 2.42 ± 1.15 | 0.92 ± 0.45 | 0.13 ± 0.13 |
| γ-Tocopherol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.04–4.95 (n = 8) | 2.60–58.90 (n = 32) | 1.40–27.50 (n = 28) | 0.04–0.91 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 1.73 ± 1.65 | 23.85 ± 17.13 | 8.23 ± 7.14 | 0.41 ± 0.38 |
| Pigmented | 0.42–2.04 (n = 6) | 9.10–57.18 (n = 18) | 1.28–8.91 (n = 8) | 0.08–3.49 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 1.43 ± 0.58 | 27.43 ± 14.29 | 5.10 ± 2.71 | 1.17 ± 1.49 |
| δ-Tocopherol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.02–0.15 (n = 5) | 0.26–6.96 (n = 21) | 0.03–4.69 (n = 18) | 0.02–0.17 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 0.11 ± 0.07 | 2.06 ± 1.50 | 1.46 ± 1.39 | 0.09 ± 0.07 |
| Pigmented | 0.08–0.38 (n = 6) | 0.97–4.30 (n = 14) | 0.35–2.38 (n = 6) | 0.11–0.95 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 0.17 ± 0.11 | 1.93 ± 0.94 | 0.91 ± 0.79 | 0.37 ± 0.31 |
| Total tocopherols | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.21–10.90 (n = 15) | 16.11–218.0 (n = 36) | 3.00–105.5 (n = 35) | 0.18–3.34 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 3.54 ± 2.90 | 77.72 ± 53.02 | 28.38 ± 24.14 | 1.58 ± 1.61 |
| Pigmented | 0.99–6.34 (n = 6) | 24.30–190.1 (n = 18) | 7.24–34.33 (n = 8) | 0.46–8.54 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 3.40 ± 1.90 | 75.11 ± 40.91 | 17.07 ± 8.92 | 2.76 ± 2.92 |
| α-Tocotrienol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.12–8.45 (n = 7) | 8.44–81.97 (n = 24) | 0.77–21.38 (n = 25) | 0.03–0.17 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 1.31 ± 1.18 | 36.61 ± 21.05 | 6.79 ± 6.07 | 0.10 ± 0.06 |
| Pigmented | 0.62–4.44 (n = 7) | 9.12–138.2 (n = 13) | 2.03–11.41 (n = 7) | 0.11–0.95 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 1.96 ± 1.42 | 46.58 ± 42.91 | 6.60 ± 3.34 | 0.50 ± 0.37 |
| β-Tocotrienol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.04–0.86 (n = 4) | 2.40–26.00 (n = 10) | 0.50–3.28 (n = 7) | 0.10–0.57 (n = 3) |
| Nonpigmented | 0.39 ± 0.35 | 9.87 ± 7.82 | 1.46 ± 0.92 | 0.38 ± 0.25 |
| Pigmented | 0.12–0.20 (n = 3) | 0.06–0.76 (n = 4) | 0.10–0.12 (n = 3) | 0.09–0.14 (n = 3) |
| Pigmented | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.37 ± 0.32 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.03 |
| γ-Tocotrienol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 2.54–17.13 (n = 7) | 17.36–212.3 (n = 20) | 8.60–44.86 (n = 23) | 0.03–1.75 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 8.35 ± 4.79 | 110.8 ± 52.03 | 21.94 ± 9.88 | 0.80 ± 0.73 |
| Pigmented | 3.97–24.82 (n = 7) | 75.98–230.6 (n = 13) | 17.51–46.95 (n = 7) | 0.12–11.59 (n = 7) |
| Pigmented | 10.50 ± 6.90 | 115.9 ± 48.79 | 27.88 ± 10.60 | 5.15 ± 5.39 |
| δ-Tocotrienol | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 0.07–1.65 (n = 7) | 4.36–25.30 (n = 18) | 0.44–4.06 (n = 20) | 0.02–0.16 (n = 4) |
| Nonpigmented | 0.86 ± 0.50 | 12.18 ± 7.10 | 1.61 ± 0.94 | 0.11 ± 0.07 |
| Pigmented | 0.28–1.06 (n = 6) | 1.45–16.80 (n = 12) | 0.58–4.78 (n = 7) | 0.05–0.48 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 0.57 ± 0.34 | 5.87 ± 5.70 | 1.46 ± 1.50 | 0.25 ± 0.18 |
| Total tocotrienols | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 3.85–24.49 (n = 9) | 29.40–360.0 (n = 34) | 11.94–76.15 (n = 24) | 0.23–2.81 (n = 5) |
| Nonpigmented | 10.91 ± 6.86 | 169.4 ± 88.00 | 31.80 ± 17.81 | 1.39 ± 1.11 |
| Pigmented | 5.20–31.62 (n = 7) | 86.40–388.9 (n = 13) | 21.55–63.75 (n = 7) | 0.42–13.13 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 13.19 ± 8.70 | 168.7 ± 97.72 | 36.05 ± 15.45 | 6.02 ± 5.97 |
| Vitamin E | ||||
| Nonpigmented | 4.06–36.83 (n = 9) | 47.00–585.6 (n = 33) | 14.86–186.1 (n = 25) | 0.41–6.02 (n = 5) |
| Nonpigmented | 14.45 ± 9.72 | 247.1 ± 141.0 | 60.18 ± 41.95 | 2.97 ± 2.72 |
| Pigmented | 6.19–38.00 (n = 8) | 113.7–574.3 (n = 13) | 29.11–100.40 (n = 9) | 0.88–22.00 (n = 6) |
| Pigmented | 16.59 ± 10.60 | 243.8 ± 138.6 | 53.12 ± 24.37 | 8.78 ± 8.89 |
1
For each parameter, the first row values describe the minimum and maximum values (A–B) and the total number of studies from which data were extracted (n), whereas the second row values show the mean and SD.
2
Pigmented rice refer to rice with black, purple, and red bran, whereas nonpigmented rice refer to rice with brown bran.