A. ARPE-19 cells exposed to CSE produce superoxide in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by the DHE assay. *p<0.05; n=3 independent experiments. B. ARPE-19 cells exposed to CSE accumulate carbonylated proteins. Arrows were used to quantify the relative abundance of carbonylated proteins of different size. Lanes to the right of each condition are negative controls where proteins were not derived to expose carbonyl groups. C. Graphs of relative carbonylated protein at the arrows in B. *p<0.05, **p<0.01. D. ARPE-19 cells exposed to CSE developed in a dose-dependent manner, early apoptosis (annexin V+, PI-; green) at viable doses, and then late apoptosis (annexin V+, PI+; yellow), and necrosis (annexin V-, PI+; red). ***p<0.001; n=3 independent experiments.