Table 1.

Serum HMGB1 levels in different rheumatic diseases.

Disease	Number of patients	Disease state	HMGB1 level	Detection method	Reference
SLE
	20	Lupus nephritis	108 ng/mL (19.8–202.4)	WB	Zickert et al. (54)
			HC: 13 ± 10 ng/mL
	33	Inactive	6.2 ng/mL (1.3–32.3)	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	Abdulahad et al. (50)
			HC: 2.9 ng/mL (0–7.7)
			51 AU (28–121)	WB
	37	Active	135 AU (81–496)	WB
			HC: 43 AU (7–85)
	11	Inactive	4.12 ± 1.97 ng/mL	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	Ma et al. (53)
	26	Active	6.44 ± 4.18 ng/mL
			HC: 4.45 ± 1.59
Juvenile SLE
	26	Inactive	30 ± 5.28 ng/mL	ELISA (Amsbio)	Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou et al. (70)
		Active	17.98 ± 3.2 ng/mL
			HC: 1.38 ± 0.23 ng/mL
Vasculitis
	46	GPA inactive	11.63 ± 8.8 ng/mL	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	Wibisono (66)
		active	4.89 ± 3.37 ng/mL
	44	MPA inactive	2.61 ± 2.5 ng/mL
		active	2.61 ± 2.7 ng/mL
			HC: 3.0 ± 2.8 ng/mL
	169	GPA	4.68 ± 3.66 ng/mL	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	Henes et al. (68)
			HC: 2.34 ± 2.01 ng/mL
	30	GPA inactive	78 ± 46 ng/mL	WB	Bruchfeld et al. (67)
		active	120 ± 48 ng/mL
			HC: approx. 10 ng/mL
	33	GPA	2.66 1.83 ng/mL	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	de Souza et al. (57)
	11	MPA	3.11 ± 1.91 ng/mL
	8	Renal limited vasculitis	1.92 ± 1.48 ng/mL
			HC: 2.39 ± 1.09 ng/mL
Rheumatoid arthritis
	30		1.5 ± 4.2 ng/mL	WB	Taniguchi et al. (65)
			No HC
	13		71 ng/mL (45–99)	WB	Goldstein (62)
			HC: 18 ng/mL (0–40)
	81	Postmenopausal	0.887 ng/mL (0–1.592)	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	Pullerits et al. (63)
			No HC
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
	23		Equal to HC	ELISA (Shino/IBL)	Schierbeck et al. (64)
Sjögren syndrome
	101		1.79 ng/mL (0.25–3.35)	ELISA (unsp)	Dupire et al. (61)
			HC: 1.46 ng/mL (0.94–1.74)
Ankylosing spondylitis
	30		0.86 ± 0.37 ng/mL	ELISA (USCN)	Oktayoglu et al. (69)
			HC: 0.65 ± 0.39

Data are means ± standard deviation or median (range). AU, arbitrary units; HC, healthy controls; WB, Western blot.