Table 1.
Incidence of chronic pain by factors
| Number | Incidence (%) | Crude OR (95 % CI) |
p value | Multivariate-adjusted ORa
(95 % CI) |
p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 531/4797 | 11.1 | |||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Men | 220/2110 | 10.4 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Women | 311/2687 | 11.6 | 1.12 (0.94–1.35) | 0.209 | 1.47 (1.17–1.85) | 0.001 | |
| Age | |||||||
| 20–29 | 54/496 | 10.9 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 30–39 | 100/733 | 13.6 | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) | 0.153 | 1.07 (0.73–1.63) | 0.728 | |
| 40–49 | 113/794 | 14.2 | 1.36 (0.96–1.92) | 0.083 | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) | 0.595 | |
| 50–59 | 92/794 | 11.6 | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 0.700 | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) | 0.692 | |
| 60–69 | 93/1044 | 8.9 | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 0.218 | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) | 0.282 | |
| 70–79 | 72/854 | 8.4 | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 0.136 | 0.89 (0.58–1.35) | 0.571 | |
| 80– | 7/82 | 8.5 | 0.76 (0.33–1.74) | 0.522 | 0.71 (0.27–1.88) | 0.496 | |
| Area | |||||||
| Hokkaido | 27/211 | 12.8 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Touhoku | 32/295 | 10.9 | 0.83 (0.48–1.43) | 0.501 | 0.86 (0.50–1.50) | 0.602 | |
| Kanto | 204/1837 | 11.1 | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.462 | 0.80 (0.51–1.23) | 0.307 | |
| Chubu | 55/553 | 10.0 | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 0.256 | 0.74 (0.45–1.23) | 0.246 | |
| Hokuriku | 17/205 | 8.3 | 0.62 (0.32–1.17) | 0.138 | 0.64 (0.33–1.23) | 0.182 | |
| Kinki | 101/855 | 11.8 | 0.91 (0.58–1.44) | 0.694 | 0.90 (0.56–1.42) | 0.644 | |
| Chugoku | 38/295 | 12.9 | 1.01 (0.59–1.71) | 0.977 | 1.09 (0.63–1.87) | 0.760 | |
| Shikoku | 8/127 | 6.3 | 0.46 (0.20–1.04) | 0.063 | 0.52 (0.22–1.19) | 0.122 | |
| Kyushu | 49/419 | 11.7 | 0.90 (0.55–1.49) | 0.689 | 0.80 (0.48–1.36) | 0.414 | |
| City size | |||||||
| 500,000≦ | 180/1390 | 13.0 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 150,000≦ | 163/1521 | 10.7 | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) | 0.062 | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.122 | |
| <150,000 | 142/1360 | 10.4 | 0.78 (0.62–1.00) | 0.041 | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.134 | |
| County | 39/401 | 9.7 | 0.72 (0.50–1.04) | 0.084 | 0.78 (0.54–1.14) | 0.201 | |
| No answer | 7/125 | 5.6 | 0.40 (0.18–1.01) | 0.021 | 0.47 (0.20–1.10) | 0.082 | |
| Occupation | |||||||
| Othersb | 346/3427 | 10.1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Professional, manager, clerical, and skill | 183/1345 | 13.6 | 1.41 (1.16–1.70) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.08–1.71) | 0.010 | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Divorced/widowed/single | 100/1038 | 9.6 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Married | 427/3702 | 11.5 | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) | 0.086 | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | 0.073 | |
| Living condition | |||||||
| Alone | 28/324 | 8.6 | 1 | ||||
| Not alone | 497/4417 | 11.3 | 1.34 (0.90–2.00) | 0.150 | |||
| BMI category | |||||||
| −18.49 | 48/400 | 12.0 | 1.15 (0.83–1.58) | 0.395 | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) | 0.864 | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 368/3469 | 10.6 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 25.0– | 108/857 | 12.6 | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 0.095 | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) | 0.038 | |
| Alcohol drinkingc | |||||||
| Never | 197/2033 | 9.7 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Ex-drinker | 49/365 | 13.4 | 1.45 (1.03–2.02) | 0.031 | 1.4 (0.98–1.98) | 0.061 | |
| Current drinker | 282/2344 | 12.0 | 1.27 (1.05–1.55) | 0.014 | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) | 0.050 | |
| Smokingc | |||||||
| Never | 335/3155 | 10.6 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Ex-drinker | 74/753 | 9.8 | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 0.524 | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 0.567 | |
| Current drinker | 119/841 | 14.2 | 1.39 (1.11–1.74) | 0.004 | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 0.031 | |
| Education | |||||||
| High school or lower | 241/2457 | 9.8 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Technical or higher | 287/2316 | 12.4 | 1.30 (1.08–1.56) | 0.005 | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | 0.030 | |
| Income | |||||||
| −3,990,000 | 188/1752 | 10.7 | 1 | ||||
| 4,000,000–7,990,000 | 226/2022 | 11.2 | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 0.662 | |||
| 8,000,000–9,990,000 | 60/461 | 13.0 | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 0.167 | |||
| 10,000,000– | 48/432 | 11.1 | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 0.820 | |||
a adding to age category and sex, variables which had a statistically significant influence on odds ratio were included in the model
b agriculture, forestry, and fisheries/independent business/part-time worker/full-time homemaker/student/inoccupation
c alcohol drinking and smoking were categorized into three categories [never, ex (used to), and currently smoking] based on the questionnaire