Fungi |
PAF |
Penicillium chrysogenum |
Several species of Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycota |
MIC: 1–200 μg/ml |
Interaction with G protein signal transduction pathways, leading to production of ROS and induction of apoptosis |
Non-toxic to mammalian cells |
Kaiserer et al. (2003); Marx (2004); Galgóczy etal. (2005,2007,2008); Barna etal. (2008)
|
AFP |
Aspergillus giganteus |
Several species of Ascomycetes
|
MIC: 1–200 μg/ml |
Specific inhibition of the chitin synthase III and V, interfering with cell wall biosynthesis |
Non-toxic to mammalian cells |
Lacadena et al. (1995);Moreno et al. (2003); Moreno et al. (2006); Theis et al. (2003); Meyer (2008)
|
Bubble protein |
Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
Growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
Olsen et al. (2004); Seibold et al. (2011)
|
Plant |
Psd1 |
Pea (Pisum sativum)
|
Aspergillus spp.; Fusarium solani; Neurospora crassa; Candida albicans
|
IC50: 0.04–21.7 μg/ml; MIC C. albicans: 20 μM |
Impairment of progression of cell cycle: cyclin F; S to G2 phase transition is blocked, resulting in endoreduplication; strong interaction with ergosterol and fungal sterol-rich membranes |
Reduced interaction with cholesterol-rich mammalian membranes |
Almeida et al. (2000); Lobo et al. (2007); de Medeiros (2009); de Medeiros et al. (2010); Goncc (2012b)
|
RsAFP2 |
Radish (Raphanus sativus)
|
Candida spp.; Aspergillus flavus; Fusarium solani
|
IC30
C. albicans: 10 μg/ml. Reduced cell viability in all Candida spp. tested with up to 10 μM of RsAFP2 |
Interaction with glucosylceramides; membrane permeabilization; ROS production; cell growth arrest; apoptosis induction; caspase activation; yeast-to-hypha transition blocking; septin localization; ceramide accumulation; altered cell wall shape |
Non-toxic to mammalian cells |
Aerts etal. (2007,2009); Tavares et al. (2008); Thevissen et al. (2012)
|
HsAFP1 |
Coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea)
|
Neurospora crassa; Candida albicans
|
IC50
Neurospora crassa: 4 μg/ml |
Interaction with cell membrane (hypha); ROS formation; apoptosis induction |
n.d. |
Thevissen et al. (1997); Aerts et al. (2011)
|
Animal |
Arthropod |
Coprisin |
Korean dung beetle (Copris tripartitus) |
Aspergillus spp.; Candida spp.; Malassezia furfur; Trichosporon beigelii; Trichophyton rubrum
|
MIC: 5–20 μM |
Apoptosis induction; ROS formation; disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential; cytochrome c release; intracellular metacaspase activation |
No hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
Lee etal. (2012) |
Juruin |
Amazonian pink toe spider (Avicularia juruensis)
|
Candida spp.; Aspergillus niger
|
MIC: 2.5–10 μM; fungicidal activity, rather than fungistatic |
n.d. |
No hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes |
Ayroza etal. (2012) |
Reptile |
Crotamine |
South-American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) |
Candida spp.; Trichosporon spp.; Cryptococcus neoformans
|
MIC: 12.5–50 μg/ml; fungicidal activity, rather than fungistatic |
Pronounced ultrastructural alterations; membrane collapse; cytoplasmic coagulation |
No hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes; CC50 > 50 μM against non-tumoral animal and human cells |
Yamane etal. (2013) |