Dry

Liquid

Healthcare quality data Routinely collected healthcare and public health data Population, community and subgroup health data Publicly reported data Amalgamated data from varied sources General practitioners Practice nurses Practice managers and administrative teams Community matrons, dietetics, other healthcare professionals Public health professionals Local social service professionals Voluntary groups Clinical commissioning groups and councils Healthcare practices Public health agencies Social agencies University partners Patient and public interest groups Innovation fund Regular reports Quality improvement initiatives Community health programmes Social service programmes Self-help programmes Patient self-management programmes Disease-specific programmes Health promotion programmes Initiatives on the social and environmental determinants of health Shared geographic space Networks small enough to produce a sense of belonging and large enough to have political influence

Information on contextual influences Consideration of, and building on, motivations Strategic needs assessment Assessment of assets Numbers and narratives on clusters of interest Regular transdisciplinary meetings Shared interpretation of data Facilitation Regular forums for sharing information Mobilisation of capacities and collaboration Boundary spanning initiatives, teams and culture Health and Wellbeing Boards Clusters of 10–20 practices serving ∼ 50 000 people Shared space for collaboration between public health and primary care Role modelling, ground rules and repeated reminders to use data in developmental and empowering ways Community empowerment Long-term partnerships Monthly workshops that build trust and span boundaries Mix of ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’ Balance of vertical and horizontal integration Linking planning and action to the annual commissioning (and other) cycle(s) Multidisciplinary shared leadership teams Experience-based co-design Whole system events Political space to bring together multiple perspectives to draw implications and plans from data Multimethod, participatory action research Learning organisations