TABLE 5.
Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) from multilevel logistic regression model assessing associations between individual, household and community characteristics and risky sexual behavior among married or cohabiting sexually active men in Sub-Saharan Africa, by country
| Characteristic | Chad | Ghana | Malawi | Nigeria | Tanzania | Uganda | Zambia | Zimbabwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INDIVIDUAL | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 15–24(ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–29 | 0.98(0.61–1.58) | 0.74(0.45–1.19) | 0.95(0.66–1.35) | 2.11(1.33–3.33)* | 0.97(0.86–1.57) | 1.30(0.87–1.95) | 0.96(0.56–1.65) | 1.40(1.06–1.84)* |
| 30–34 | 0.57(0.32–1.01) | 0.72(0.45–1.15) | 1.08(0.73–1.61) | 1.83(1.08–3.09)* | 0.92(0.60–1.41) | 1.31(0.84–2.03) | 0.81(0.48–1.37) | 1.23(0.89–1.69) |
| 35–39 | 0.97(0.54–1.73) | 0.71(0.36–1.17) | 1.01(0.65–1.57) | 2.00(1.11–3.60)* | 0.89(0.56–1.41) | 1.39(0.84–2.08) | 0.81(0.54–1.39) | 0.92(0.64–1.31) |
| ≥40 | 0.55(0.32–0.95)* | 0.87(0.45–1.18) | 1.14(0.78–1.69) | 2.69(1.57–4.67)* | 0.79(0.51–1.22) | 0.98(0.63–1.51) | 0.76(0.45–1.89) | 0.78(0.55–1.09) |
| Union type | ||||||||
| Married (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cohabiting | 0.45(0.29–0.70)* | 0.49(0.31–0.78)* | 0.59(0.38–0.92)* | 0.67(0.37–1.21) | 1.39(0.92–2.10) | 1.60(1.07–2.39)* | 1.41(0.28–1.69) | 0.12(0.07–0.19)* |
| Residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 0.60(0.36–0.99)* | 1.03(0.90–1.18) | 0.82(0.61–1.09) | 1.10(0.85–1.41) | 1.17(0.87–1.57) | 0.89(0.64–1.24) | 1.51(1.10–2.08)* | 0.82(0.63–1.06) |
| Urban (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age at first sex | ||||||||
| ≤15(ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 16–20 | 1.07(0.79–1.43) | 1.09(0.82–1.43) | 0.96(0.79–1.17) | 0.89(0.66–1.20) | 0.83(0.67–1.03) | 1.03(0.83–1.27) | 0.85(0.67–1.08) | 0.98(0.73–1.09) |
| ≥21 | 0.53(0.36–0.78)* | 0.71 (0.52–0.99)* | 0.57(0.43–0.75)* | 0.41 (0.29–0.58)* | 0.38(0.28–0.51)* | 0.66(0.47–0.95)* | 0.58(0.39–0.85)* | 0.47(0.37–0.61)* |
| Education | ||||||||
| None (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.82(0.55–1.21) | 1.13(0.80–1.60) | 1.37(1.02–1.89)* | 1.04(0.69–1.56) | 1.45(1.03–2.07)* | 1.84(1.14–2.98)* | 1.65(0.88–3.12) | 0.68(0.49–1.52) |
| Secondary | 0.74(0.48–1.16) | 1.28(0.91–1.79) | 1.07(0.73–1.57) | 1.12(0.71–1.75) | 1.14(0.71–1.85) | 1.23(0.72–2.09) | 1.28(0.65–2.49) | 0.85(0.48–1.52) |
| secondary | 0.72(0.40–1.32) | 1.22(0.75–1.99) | 0.93(0.45–1.91) | 0.99(0.60–1.64) | 1.24(0.65–2.36) | 1.43(0.77–2.67) | 0.57(0.23–1.41) | 0.69(0.35–1.29) |
| Employed | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.90(0.62–1.29) | 1.42(1.02–1.96)* | 1.27(1.02–1.61)* | 0.97(0.70–1.34) | 1.68(1.17–2.38)* | 2.08(1.11–3.89)* | 1.87(1.35–2.59)* | 1.32(1.11–1.58)* |
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| HOUSEHOLD | ||||||||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| Lowest (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | na | 1.00 |
| Second lowest | 0.91(0.51–1.60) | 1.08(0.79–1.47) | 1.14(0.85–1.54) | 1.06(0.73–1.57) | 0.98(0.73–1.30) | 1.02(0.75–1.39) | na | 0.95(0.76–1.20) |
| Middle | 1.11(0.63–1.94) | 1.29(0.95–1.80) | 1.08(0.81–1.45) | 1.12(0.71–1.75) | 1.05(0.78–1.42) | 1.02(0.73–1.42) | na | 0.98(0.77–1.25) |
| Second highest | 0.90(0.50–1.61) | 1.10(0.73–1.65) | 1.21(0.95–1.60) | 0.99(0.60–1.64) | 0.95(0.70–1.29) | 1.15(0.82–1.61) | na | 1.01(0.76–1.33) |
| Highest | 1.29(0.66–2.53) | 1.23(0.78–1.95) | 1.33(0.95–1.88) | 0.57(0.36–0.91)* | 1.45(0.97–2.16) | 1.54(1.04–2.07)* | na | 0.92(0.64–1.32) |
| COMMUNITY | ||||||||
| Ratio of women to men employed | 0.52(0.26–0.99)* | 1.45(0.75–2.78) | 0.87(0.45–1.67) | 0.42(0.21–0.69)* | 0.42(0.21–0.81)* | 0.69(0.19–2.49) | 0.81(0.47–1.39) | 0.50(0.34–0.74)* |
| Ratio of women to men with ≥primary education | 0.58(0.27–0.98)* | 0.79(0.44–1.42) | 0.48(0.26–0.87)* | 0.49(0.26–0.91)* | 0.64(0.34–1.18) | 0.42(0.21–0.81)* | 0.53(0.33–0.85)* | 0.64(0.20–1.95) |
| Men’s attitudes toward wife beating | u | 1.06(0.79–1.42) | 1.26(0.95–1.66) | 1.49(1.08–1.72)* | 0.97(0.79–1.18) | 1.32(1.05–1.66)* | 0.95(0.75–1.21) | 0.90(0.68–1.19) |
| Men’s attitudes toward decision making | u | 0.94(0.79–1.13) | 0.83(0.65–1.07) | 1.11(1.02–1.23)* | 0.96(0.84–1.10) | 0.97(0.84–1.34) | 0.98(0.85–1.14) | 1.28(1.05–1.55)* |
| Women’s age at marriage | 1.14(0.94–1.37) | 1.03(0.94–1.11) | 1.02(0.88–1.15) | 0.99(0.89–1.09) | 0.93(0.84–1.03) | 1.07(0.95–1.20) | 0.79(0.36–0.98)* | 1.06(0.99–1.15) |
| Women’s age at first childbirth | 1.05(0.89–1.25) | 0.98(0.89–1.07) | 1.01(0.88–1.16) | 0.94(0.85–1.05) | 0.83(0.74–0.93)* | 0.94(0.83–1.07) | 0.76(0.31–1.91) | 0.95(0.87–1.04) |
| Community-level random intercept | 0.683(0.071) | 0.217(0.053) | 0.274(0.98) | 0.357(0.84) | 0.484(0.142) | 0.154(0.045) | 0.382(0.149) | 0.194(0.081) |
*
p<.05.
Note: u=unavailable.