Table 2.
Summary of included studies
| Study No. | First Author, Year, (Ref. No.) | Country, Location | Sample Size | Age(Yr) | Population | Incidence of Deliriumn (%) | Delirium Assessment Method | Delirium Assessment Frequency and Duration | Prevalence of Active Smoking(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dubois, 2001 (32) | Canada, single center | 198 | ≥18 | Medical and surgical ICU, intubated and nonintubated | 38 (19) | ICDSC ≥ 4 with psychiatric confirmation | q8 h × 5 d | NR |
| 2 | Lucidarme, 2010 (34) | France, multicenter | 144 | ≥18 | Medical and surgical ICU, intubated only | 40 (28) | ICDSC > 4 | Twice daily until ICU discharge | 31 |
| 3 | Ouimet, 2007 (36) | Canada, single center | 764 | ≥18 | Medical and surgical ICU, intubated and nonintubated | 243 (32) | ICDSC ≥ 4 | q1–8 h until ICU discharge | NR |
| 4 | Van Rompaey, 2009 (41) | Belgium, multicenter | 523 | ≥18 | Medical and surgical ICU, nonintubated only | 155 (30) | NEECHAM confusion scale ≤ 19 | NR | 25 |
| 5 | Benoit, 2005 (29) | Canada, single center | 102 | 41–88 | Elective aortic aneurysm repair | 34 (33) | DSM4 | Daily × 6 d postop | 28 |
| 6 | Bohner, 2003 (30) | Germany, single center | 153 | ≥18 | Elective arterial surgery | 60 (39) | DSM4 and DRS ≥ 12 | Daily × 7 d postop | 43 |
| 7 | Chang, 2008 (31) | Taiwan, single center | 288 | ≥20 | Elective and emergent cardiac surgery | 120 (42) | DSM4 | NR | NR |
| 8 | Koster, 2008 (33) | The Netherlands, single center | 112 | >45 | Elective cardiac surgery | 24 (21) | DOS ≥ 2 with DSM4 confirmation | 3 times daily × 5 d postop | 15 |
| 9 | Mardani, 2012 (35) | Iran, single center | 196 | ≥48–80 | Elective CABG | 34 (17) | DSM4 in patients with MMSE ≤ 23 | NR | NR |
| 10 | Rudolph, 2009 (37) | United States, multicenter | 122 | ≥60 | Elective cardiac surgery | 63 (52) | Delirium symptom interview and MDAS, or CAM–ICU | Preop; daily beginning 2 d postop | NR |
| 11 | Rudolph, 2007 (38) | International, multicenter | 1161 | ≥60 | Elective noncardiac surgery | 99 (9) | DSM3 | Daily × 7 d postop | 9 |
| 12 | Santos, 2004 (39) | Brazil, single center | 220 | >60 | Elective CABG | 74 (34) | DSM4 | Daily × 5 d postop | 15 |
| 13 | Yoshimura, 2004 (40) | Japan, single center | 100 | ≥18 | Elective liver resection for HCC | 17 (17) | CAM | Daily × 2 weeks postop | 44 |
| 14 | Zakriya, 2002 (42) | United States, single center | 168 | 50–98 | Surgical hip fracture repair | 47(28) | CAM | Daily postop until discharge | 16 |
Definition of abbreviations: CABG = coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAM = Confusion Assessment Method; DOS = Delirium Observation Screening Scale; DRS = Delirium Rating Scale; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; ICDSC = Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist; ICU = intensive care unit; MDAS = Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale; MMSE = Mini Mental Status Exam; NEECHAM = Neelon and Champagne Confusion Scale; NR = not reported; postop = postoperatively; preop = preoperatively.
All studies have prospective cohort design.