Figure 4. Tanglegram of cophylogenetic relationships between Old World rodent hosts and Bartonella.
Maximum likelihood phylogenies for Bartonella bacteria (yellow) and their Old World rodent hosts (green), with bootstrap support values ≥50 labeled, rooted with outgroups. All host-pathogen associations are shown in the tanglegram as gray and black connecting lines. Black lines indicate significant individual cospeciation links between Bartonella and their hosts as indicated by ParaFit (P≤0.05), while gray lines are non-significant links.