(A) scMP-12 was generated in BSR-T7/5 cells stably expressing T7 polymerase by co-transfection of plasmids, which expressed the L, N, and Gn/Gc proteins, as well as the L RNA, S-GFP RNA and scMP-12 M RNA encoding Gc mutant. scMP-12 contains viral RNAs and is competent for initiating infection, as it carries wt Gn/Gc derived from the protein expression plasmid. scMP-12 is further propagated in Vero-G cells stably expressing wt Gn/Gc. Inoculation of scMP-12 into naïve cells results in viral RNA synthesis, expression of viral proteins, and production of non-infectious VLPs. (B) Schematic diagram of antiviral-sense M RNA and scMP-12 M RNA. The ORFs of NSm and Gn genes are shown in white boxes, while the Gc gene ORF appears in the red box. The black bars represent both the putative fusion peptide and the ER retrieval signal. In scMP-12 M RNA, mutations within the putative fusion peptide and deletion of the ER retrieval signal are shown.