Table 2. Fruit and vegetable prices (NZ$ per kilogram) by type of outlet (means over the three week study period in 2013).
| F&V item (number of prices) | OFVM (n = 5) [O] | Farmers markets (n = 3) | Nearby super-markets (n = 8) [N] | Distant super-markets (n = 8) [D] | Online super-market (n = 1) [OS] | Differences between [N] and [D] at weekend [WE] (p-values) | Differences between [O] and all non-online supermarkets [S] (p-values) | Differences between [OS] and [S] (p-values) | Differences between [WE] and [MW] prices for [N] (p-values) | Differences between [WE] and [MW] prices for [D] (p-values) |
| Fruit | ||||||||||
| Apples (n = 188) | 1.68 | 3.25 | 2.98 | 3.05 | 2.49 | 0.0004 (N)* | <0.0001 (O)* | 0.0874 | 0.2999 | 0.8250 |
| Oranges (n = 169) | 2.13 | 5.00 | 2.98 | 2.90 | 2.99 | 0.0004 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.1867 | 0.3591 | 0.4766 |
| Pears (n = 180) | 2.04 | 3.56 | 3.22 | 3.52 | 2.69 | 0.0026 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.1560 | 0.6088 | 0.3235 |
| Leafy vegetables | ||||||||||
| Broccoli (n = 175) | 2.02 | 4.61 | 2.83 | 2.87 | 3.10 | 0.0001 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.2169 | 0.7012 | 0.1810 |
| Cabbage (n = 172) | 2.09 | 3.13 | 3.92 | 3.84 | 3.35 | 0.1224 | <0.0001 (O) | 0.2965 | 0.0317 (WE)* | 0.3955 |
| Cauliflower (n = 172) | 2.83 | 3.12** | 4.62 | 4.75 | 4.95 | 0.9417 | <0.0001 (O) | 0.8391 | 0.0207 (WE) | 0.0208 (WE)* |
| Chinese cabbage (n = 138) | 1.62 | 2.39** | 3.42 | 3.64 | 4.75 | 0.0111 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.9593 | 0.8787 | 0.3568 |
| Lettuce (n = 181) | 4.10 | 8.01 | 7.40 | 7.50 | 6.73 | <0.0001 (D) | 0.1366 | 0.1114 | 0.4753 | 0.1114 |
| Silverbeet (n = 163) | 2.88 | 4.31** | 5.82 | 6.41 | 4.98 | 0.0136 (D) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.8335 | 0.4637 | 0.9094 |
| Spinach (n = 160) | 5.58 | 8.39** | 10.79 | 11.07 | 10.15 | <0.0001 (D) | 0.0241 (S) | <0.0001 (S)* | 0.8815 | 0.4714 |
| Starchy vegetables | ||||||||||
| Kumara (n = 159) | 4.58 | 6.99 | 7.13 | 6.73 | 5.91 | <0.0001 (D) | 0.8013 | 0.3409 | 0.3112 | 0.6978 |
| Potatoes (n = 187) | 1.65 | 3.41 | 2.41 | 2.11 | 1.93 | <0.0001 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.0320 (OS) | 0.3512 | 0.8428 |
| Other vegetables | ||||||||||
| Carrots (n = 189) | 1.54 | 4.42 | 2.03 | 2.03 | 1.84 | <0.0001(N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.0267 (OS) | 0.4655 | 0.4236 |
| Cucumber (n = 188) | 4.79 | 4.83** | 7.52 | 7.19 | 6.22 | <0.0001 (D) | 0.7654 | 0.2305 | 0.3504 | 0.4689 |
| Mushrooms (n = 143) | 9.88 | 12.50 | 11.44 | 11.69 | 9.07 | <0.0001 (D) | <0.0001 (S) | 0.0007 (S) | 0.9238 | 0.4409 |
| Onions (n = 183) | 1.62 | 4.37 | 2.10 | 2.07 | 1.96 | <0.0001 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.0336 (OS) | 0.5898 | 0.7597 |
| Pumpkin (n = 169) | 1.13 | 1.12** | 1.46 | 1.58 | 1.26 | <0.0001 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.0077 (OS) | 0.9463 | 0.9999 |
| Tomatoes (n = 204) | 1.56 | 4.13 | 2.27 | 2.55 | 2.24 | <0.0001 (N) | <0.0001 (O) | 0.0568 | 0.6198 | 0.6807 |
* These codes denote the outlet or time associated with the lowest mean prices e.g., ‘N’ for nearby supermarkets (see codes in the Table headings).
** These prices were significantly cheaper than non-online supermarkets at the weekend, with p-values <0.05.