. 2014 Mar 20;9(3):e92697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092697

Table 1. Effect of L-glutamine on electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, Left ventricular function parameters and heart antioxidant enzymes in STZ-nicotinamide induced cardiomyopathy in rat.

Groups/Parameters	Control	Diabetic control	L-glutamine_{(500 mg/kg)}	L-glutamine _{(1000 mg/kg)}
BSL (mg/dl)	106.00±17.38	595.17±14.12^###	327.43±11.75	222.17±9.92^***$$$
Body weight (g)	462.32±4.32	179.85± 7.38^###	243.27±5.21^***	371.13±6.39^***$$$
Electrocardiographic
Heart rate (Beats/minutes)	368.48±5.45	299.95±11.16^##	328.34±10.63^ns	348.78±18.31^ns
QRS Interval (ms)	20.08±1.60	14.75±0.62^##	17.76±0.76^ns	16.33±0.95^ns
QT Interval (ms)	62.67±2.47	84.00±3.86^###	72.91±1.49	69.89±2.96^*
QTc (ms)	138.99±11.54	190.5±16.30^#	148.35±4.78^*	142.58±3.56^*
SBP (mmHg)	119.58±2.46	93.31±3.95^###	106.07±1.81^**	115.91±0.59^***
DBP (mmHg)	88.63±1.86	71.75±1.81^###	78.25±2.49^ns	85.46±2.15^***
MABP (mmHg)	119.06±12.81	83.17±1.69^##	89.03±1.75^ns	104.06±2.48^ns
Left ventricular function
EDP (mmHg)	6.84±0.51	15.78±1.16^###	11.22±0.65^**	9.78±0.57^***
Max dP/dt (mmHg/s)	3722.04±223.2	2472.0±91.01^###	3129.2±110.7^ns	3337.9±258.12
Contractility Index (1/s)	59.84±2.20	31.25±1.56^###	44.28±2.65^**	48.22±2.48^***
Min dP/dt (mmHg/s)	−2477.86±162.39	−1790.0±155.71^#	−2304±123.87^ns	−2244.5±140.19^ns
Cardiac biomarkers
CKMB (IU/L)	1087.20±114.87	1851.94±154.54^###	1507±98.540	1248.29±76.540^**
LDH (IU/L)	1161±118.54	2734±97.870^###	2184±159.08^*	1560±123.07^***$
AST (IU/L	154.24±19.760	482.63±54.980^###	362.47±43.870	230.50±21.760^***
Oxidative stress markers
SOD (U/mg protein)	9.06±0.51	4.14±1.04^##	7.82±0.64^*	8.87±1.01^**
GSH (μg of GSH/mg protein)	35.73±3.10	22.0±1.69^##	33.95±1.52^*	25.60±3.34^ns
MDA (nM of MDA/mg protein)	2.99±0.60	4.71±0.15^##	3.28±0.13^*	2.94±0.092^**

Foot note: Results are represented as mean ± SEM, (n = 6). Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's test, ^* p<0.05, ^** p<0.01, ^*** p<0.001 and ns –non-significant compared with diabetic control group, ^# p<0.05, ^## p<0.01, 442 ^### p<0.001 and ns – non-significant when compared with control non-diabetic group. ^$ p<0.05, ^$$ p<0.001 compared with L-glutamine (500 mg/kg).