Table 1.

Key advances in the research on the NHP model of TB are tabulated, along with the description of Mtb strains, route of infection, and the dose inoculated

Year	Mycobacterial agent	Dose/route of infection	Significant advance	Citation
1996	Mtb Erdman	101–102 (low), 103 (moderate), 104–105 (high); intratracheal	Establishment of the cynomolgus macaque as a model of human TB	[37]
2001	M. bovis BCG (Pasteur)	103 (low), 106 (moderate), 108 (high); intravenous	Reactivation of BCG infection in rhesus macaques by SIV coinfection	[52]
2004	Mtb Erdman Mtb H37Rv	101 (low), 3 × 101 (moderate), 1.5 × 102 (high); intratracheal 3 × 101 (low), 2 × 102 (moderate), 106 (high); intratracheal	Establishment of a rhesus macaque model of asymptomatic infection with Mtb	[55]
2005	Mtb Erdman	3 × 103 cfu; 103 cfu; intratracheal	Use of the NHP model to test a candidate vaccine against TB	[39]
2006	Mtb Erdman	~2.5 × 101 cfu; intratracheal	Description of the early events upon infection of cynomolgus macaques with Mtb	[40]
2008	Mtb Erdman	~2.5 × 101 cfu; intratracheal	Study of hypoxia in caseous lesions of NHPs infected with Mtb	[41]
2010	Mtb Erdman	~2.5 × 101 cfu; intratracheal	Reactivation of latent TB in cynomolgus macaques by SIV coinfection	[45]
2010	Mtb Erdman	~2.5 × 101 cfu; intratracheal	Reactivation of latent TB in cynomolgus macaques by TNF depletion	[46]
2010	Mtb CDC1551	~5 × 103 cfu; aerosol	Infection phenotype of Mtb mutants in rhesus macaques via the aerosol route	[63]
2011	Mtb CDC1551	~2.5 × 102–5 × 102 cfu; aerosol	Reactivation of latent TB in rhesus macaques by SIV coinfection	[67]

BCG, Bacille Calmette–Guerin; NPHs, non-human primates; SIV, simian immunodeficiency virus; TB, tuberculosis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.