Table 1.

Agents listed were new biomarkers for predicting the outcome of SAH in the past three years

Agents	Sample	Main finding
Bradykinin (BK)	CSF	Elevated BK is correlation with brain edema (Kunz et al., 2013)
TNF-α	serum CSF	High level is associated with DCI, poor outcome and hydrocephalus, but not vasospasm (Beeftink et al., 2011; Chou et al., 2012)
Tau protein	CSF	Tau level is proportional to SAH severity (Zanier et al., 2008; Zanier et al., 2013)
TGF-β1	CSF	TGF-β1 was upregulated in SAH-induced hydrocephalus (Lee et al., 2012)
Mitochondrial DNA	CSF	Higher CSF DNA levels on presentation are associated with worse outcomes (Wang et al., 2013a)
Adrenomedullin (AM)	CSF	AM concentration 8 days after SAH is related to appetite loss and DIND (Kubo et al., 2013)
Ceramide	CSF	Ceramide is associated with the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm and poor neurological outcome (Testai et al., 2012)
Catecholamine	CSF	Epinephrine serves as an useful index of outcome (Moussouttas et al., 2012)
20-hydroxyeicosat etraenoic acid (20-HETE)	CSF	20-HETE concentrations are associated with DCI and poor outcomes (Crago et al., 2011)
Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP)	serum CSF	The Hunt and Hess and Fisher grading scales are correlated with an increase in H-FABP level on administration (Yilman et al., 2012; Zanier et al., 2008; Zanier et al., 2013)
Monomethylated L-arginine (L-NMMA)	CSF serum	L-NMMA is associated with the occurrence of cerebral ischemic events (Jung et al., 2013b)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)	CSF serum	Higher levels of NPY were in patients with cerebral infarction caused by vasospasm (Schebesch et al., 2011)
Haptoglobin (Hp) phenotype	serum	The Hp phenotype is associated with angiographical vasospams and clinical deterioration by DCI but does not affect the cerebral infarction(Ohnishi et al., 2013)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)	serum	Higher IL-6 levels are associated with worse clinical outcome and the occurrence of DIND (Muroi et al., 2013)
S100B	serum	S100B is a suitable marker for ischemia after SAH (Hassan et al., 2012; Jung et al., 2013a)
Kallikrein 6(KLK6)	serum	Decreased KLK6 is correlated with poor outcome after SAH (Martinez-Morillo et al., 2012)
High-mobility group box 1(HMGB1)	serum	HMGB1 on admission predicts poor outcome and mortality and vasospasm (Zhu et al., 2012)
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)	serum	Elevated MPO correlates with clinically vasospasm (Lim et al., 2012)
Free fatty acid (FFA)	serum	n-6:n-3 FFA ratio is associated with DCI (Badjatia et al., 2012)
Glucose	blood	Glucose levels at admission are predictive of an elevated 1-year mortality rate (Bian et al., 2012)
Copeptin	plasma	Copeptin indicates clinical severity of the initial bleeding and has prognostic value for outcome of patients with SAH (Fung et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2011)
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)	serum	Ang-1 is significantly altered in patients suffering from cerebral ischemia (Fischer et al., 2011)
C-reactive protein(CRP)	plasma	CRP levels correlate with outcome but do not seem to predict DCI or infarction (Juvela et al., 2012; Romero et al., 2012)
Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA)	plasma	ADMA ratios predict mortality after SAH (Staalso et al., 2013)
Taurine	plasma	Taurine concentrations on admission predict a poor outcome (Barges-Coll et al., 2013)
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)	plasma	BNP is useful in detecting patients at risk for adverse outcomes without large vessel vasospasm (Taub et al., 2011)
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)	Micro-dialysis sample, CSF Blood	MMP-9 was related to World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grade severity and SAH outcome (Sarrafzadeh et al., 2012)
Metabolic ratio		Metabolic ratio is a reliable marker for predicting the outcome of poor-grade patients with SAH (Barcelos et al., 2013)
Prolonged QT interval and tachycardia		Prolonged QT interval and tachycardia are independently associated with Angiographic vasospasm (Ibrahim and Macdonald, 2012)